Table 1.

Alterations of innate and adaptive immunity in human obesity.

VAT tissue produces pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are responsible for insulin resistance (16, 19)

The association between C-reactive protein, IL-6, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes has been documented (21)

M1 macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype have been found in obese people VAT (22, 23)

T regulatory cells are decreased in human obesity (31, 32)

Th17 cells are increased in obese humans (34–36)

CD8+ cells express high levels of the integrin CD11a, which promotes their infiltration of CD8+ into VAT (43)

B cells into VAT provoke insulin resistance, modulating T cells and producing immunoglobulin gG, which account for insulin resistance (44)