Table 4.

Summary estimates (95% CIs) for health outcomes meta-analyses

Outcome	Intervention focus	Number of studies	Intervention participants	Control participants	Mean difference	95% CI	I 2	τ
BMI	Nutrition only	1	479	364	−0.04	−0.28, 0.20	n/a	n/a
	Physical Activity only	3	772	658	−0.38	−0.73, −0.03*	86%	0.08
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	9	6520	7108	−0.11	−0.24, 0.02	84%	0.03
zBMI	Nutrition only	1	479	364	−0.01	−0.09, 0.07	n/a	n/a
	Physical Activity only	1	102	94	−0.47	−0.69, −0.25*	n/a	n/a
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	7	5672	5512	0	−0.04, 0.03	41%	0
					Standardised mean diff.	95% CI	I 2	Tau
Physical Activity	Nutrition only	1	416	335	0.02	−0.02, 0.06	n/a	n/a
	Physical Activity only	2	671	563	0.17	−0.16, 0.50	93%	0.05
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	6	3244	2946	0.14	0.03, 0.26*	66%	0.01
Physical Fitness	Physical Activity only	2	396	298	0.35	−0.20, 0.90	95%	0.15
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	3	2059	2171	0.12	0.04, 0.20*	0%	0
Fat intake	Nutrition only	7	2205	2011	−0.08	−0.21, 0.05	68%	0.02
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	10	6498	5962	−0.04	−0.20, 0.12	95%	0.06
Fruit & Vegetable intake	Nutrition only	9	3293	2917	0.15	0.02, 0.29*	83%	0.03
	Physical Activity & Nutrition	4	3507	3105	0.04	−0.18, 0.26	79%	0.04
Depression	Emotional well-being	2	3252	2847	0.06	−0.00, 0.13	0%	0
	Anti-bullying	1	1106	1118	0	−0.08, 0.08	n/a	n/a
					Odds ratio	95% CI	I 2	Tau
Tobacco use	Tobacco only	3	2244	2503	0.77	0.64, 0.93*	16%	0
	Multiple Risk Behaviour	5	5503	4489	0.84	0.76, 0.93*	0%	0
	Emotional well-being	1	315	315	0.79	0.59, 1.06	n/a	n/a
	Alcohol only	1	1005	896	0.74	0.61, 0.90*	n/a	n/a
Alcohol use	Alcohol only	2	3506	3975	0.72	0.34, 1.52	82%	0.25
	Multiple Risk Behaviour	4	4496	3644	0.75	0.55, 1.02	78%	0.07
	Emotional well-being	1	809	810	1.13	0.76, 1.67	n/a	n/a
Substance use	Multiple Risk Behaviour	3	3804	3016	0.57	0.29, 1.14	71%	0.26
	Alcohol only	2	3506	3975	0.94	0.78, 1.12	0%	0
	Emotional well-being	1	233	233	0.81	0.57, 1.15	n/a	n/a
Violence	Violence prevention	1	929	1161	1.13	0.61, 2.07	n/a	n/a
	Multiple Risk Behaviour	3	3806	3014	0.5	0.23, 1.09	93%	0.42
Being bullied	Anti-bullying	6	13993	12263	0.83	0.72, 0.96*	61%	0.02
	Multiple Risk Behaviour	1	2635	2108	0.97	0.90, 1.05	n/a	n/a
	Emotional well-being	1	481	482	0.88	0.68, 1.13	n/a	n/a
Bullying others	Anti-bullying	6	13949	12227	0.9	0.78, 1.04	67%	0.02
	Multiple Risk Behaviour	1	195	168	0.49	0.34, 0.71*	n/a	n/a

*95% confidence intervals do not include the null.

BMI = Body Mass Index; zBMI = Body Mass Index, standardised for age and gender.