. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 24.

Published in final edited form as: Energy Fuels. 2012 Nov 15;26(11):6737–6748. doi: 10.1021/ef300421h

Table 4.

Percentage Change in Emissions Using B20 Relative to ULSD for 13 Test Conditions^a

engine	calibration	BMEP (kPa)	aftertreatment	CO	NO_x	NMHC	PM_2.5	EC	formaldehyde	benzene	TTVOC
1.7 L	2002	idle	none	13	–4	11	31^c	5	28	16^b	–1
General		200	none	–3	11	–21	–14	0	1	–9	–2
Motors		600	none	–13	–13	–17	–24^c	–19	4	–25^b	–22^c
		900	none	6	–4	–5	–16^c	–14	11	–2^c	–25^c
		idle	DOC	11^b	0	11	33	34	17	55	46
		200	DOC	–10	8	–29	13	26	–10	NA	NA
		600	DOC	NA	2	144	–10^c	–21	51	–9	43^b
		900	DOC	NA	8^b	103	–7^c	–28	8	–2	46^c
6.4 L	2004	idle	EGR	21^b	10^b	NA	87^b	50	29^b	9	–24^b
Ford		600	EGR	2	15^b	NA	–24^b	–46	–13^b	–14	–32^c
		900	EGR	–14^b	21^b	NA	–28^b	–34	–7^b	52	–13^c
	2007	idle	DOC + DPF	–15^b	23^b	NA	–82	NA	–29^b	NA	NA
		900	DOC + DPF	–28^b	15^b	NA	25	NA	–23^b	–30	–76

Positive numbers indicate greater emissions with B20. Idle conditions compare emission rates in g/h or mg/h; load conditions compare emission rates in g/kWh or mg/kWh.

Denotes statistical significance (p < 0.05; t test).

Denotes statistical significance for combined 600 and 900 kPa BMEP conditions (p < 0.05, t test, paired).