Table 4.

Surgical Techniques Used for LAD Revascularization During Hybrid Coronary Revascularization

Abbreviation	Description of Surgical Procedure
MIDCAB	Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting
	Thoracic access: left-sided thoracotomy or lower partial mini-sternotomy
	LIMA harvest: direct vision
	Anastomosis: direct vision
	Single lung ventilation: improves exposure, not required
	CPB: not required, but can be performed by cannulation of femoral vein and artery (avoids aorta cross clamping and arresting the heart)
Endo-ACAB	Endoscopic atraumatic coronary artery bypass graft surgery
	Thoracic access: non/limited rib-spreading left-sided thoracotomy
	LIMA harvest: robotic or thoracoscopically
	Anastomosis: hand-sutured
	Single lung ventilation: required when robot is used
	CPB: not required
TECAB	Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass graft surgery
	Thoracic access: thoracoscopic access
	LIMA harvest: robotic
	Anastomosis: thoracoscopically (or robotic → robotic-assisted CAB)
	Single lung ventilation: required
	CPB: not required
OPCAB	Off-pump CABG
	Thoracic access: midline sternotomy
	LIMA harvest: direct vision
	Anastomosis: direct vision with stabilizers
	Single lung ventilation: improves exposure
	CPB: no

CAB = coronary artery bypass; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; Endo-ACAB = endoscopic atraumatic coronary artery bypass; LIMA = left internal mammary artery; MIDCAB = minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass; OPCAB = off pump coronary artery bypass; TECAB = totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass.