Table 2.
Patient, Hospital, and Outcome Characteristics; Comparison in Mortality and Surgical Treatment Groups
| Characteristic | Surgery (ACDF, PCDF, or PCD) | P-Value | In-Patient Mortality | P-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Age (Years) | Mean (SE) | 58.5 (.43) | 59.1 (.47) | 0.33 | 73.7 (1.2) | 58.5 (.37) | < 0.01 |
| 95% CI | 57.7 – 59.4 | 58.2–60.0 | 71.3–76.1 | 57.8–59.2 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Age (%) | 0–49 | 27.1% | 28.0% | < 0.01 | 3.6% | 28.2% | < 0.01 |
| 50–64 | 37.8% | 33.3% | 20.8% | 35.5% | |||
| 65–79 | 27.4% | 24.4% | 40.8% | 25.1% | |||
| ≥80 | 7.8% | 14.3% | 34.8% | 11.1% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Sex (%) | Male | 76.1% | 73.7% | 0.12 | 76.8% | 74.6% | 0.63 |
| Female | 23.9% | 26.3% | 23.2% | 25.4% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Race (%) | White | 68.0% | 69.9% | 0.08 | 76.3% | 69.3% | 0.488 |
| Black | 19.8% | 18.4% | 15.7% | 18.8% | |||
| Hispanic | 7.0% | 6.2% | 3.4% | 6.4% | |||
| Other | 5.2% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 5.4% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Income quartile | Q1 | 30.6% | 28.9% | 0.26 | 16.7% | 29.9% | < 0.01 |
| Q2 | 25.2% | 24.2% | 39.9% | 24.2% | |||
| Q3 | 24.1% | 23.9% | 25.1% | 23.9% | |||
| Q4 | 20.1% | 23.1% | 18.4% | 22.0% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Primary Payer | Private | 38.8% | 37.3% | 0.054 | 19.8% | 38.3% | < 0.01 |
| Medicare | 35.4% | 37.7% | 63.3% | 36.1% | |||
| Medicaid | 10.8% | 9.8% | 3.6% | 10.4% | |||
| Other | 15.0% | 15.2% | 13.3% | 15.2% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Charges (US $) | Mean (SE) | 117,106 (4,362) | 51,260 (1,968) | <0.01 | 137,223 (16,541) | 75,597 (2,630) | <0.01 |
| 95% CI | 108,540–125,673 | 47,395–55,125 | 104,746–169,701 | 70,433–80,762 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Location (%) | Rural | 4.2% | 5.5% | 0.79 | 9.7% | 4.9% | < 0.05 |
| Urban | 95.4% | 94.5% | 90.3% | 95.1% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Region (%) | NE | 19.9% | 22.4% | < 0.05 | 27.6% | 21.3% | 0.32 |
| MW | 16.9% | 19.6% | 22.0% | 18.5% | |||
| S | 44.9% | 37.9% | 36.3% | 40.8% | |||
| W | 18.3% | 20.1% | 14.0% | 19.5% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Teaching status (%) | Non-teach. | 30.8% | 33.1% | 0.291 | 27.5% | 32.3% | 0.37 |
| Teaching | 69.2% | 66.9% | 72.5% | 67.7% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Bed size (%) | Small (1–249) | 2.7% | 5.4% | < 0.01 | 5.3% | 4.3% | 0.28 |
| Medium (250–449) | 20.4% | 19.6% | 26.2% | 19.7% | |||
| Large (≥450) | 76.9% | 75.0% | 68.5% | 76.0% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Associated Fracture | Upper Limb | 1.9% | 2.5% | 0.23 | 1.2% | 2.3% | 0.35 |
| Lower Limb | 1.0% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 1.3% | |||
| Hip | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2% | |||
| Combination* | 0.3% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 0.2% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Comorbidities | 0 | 21.1% | 22.7% | 0.738 | 12.8% | 22.4% | < 0.05 |
| 1 | 26.0% | 24.7% | 19.8% | 25.4% | |||
| 2 | 22.2% | 22.1% | 22.7% | 22.2% | |||
| ≥3 | 30.6% | 30.4% | 44.7% | 30.1% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Average LOS (Days) | Mean (SD) | 11.6 (.50) | 9.7 (.35) | < 0.01 | 14.1 (1.97) | 10.3 (.30) | < 0.05 |
| 95% CI | 10.6–12.6 | 8.9–10.3 | 10.3–17.9 | 9.8–10.9 | |||
|
| |||||||
| LOS (%) | < 5 days | 73.3% | 59.5% | < 0.01 | 79.5% | 64.6% | < 0.01 |
| ≥ 5 days | 26.7% | 40.5% | 20.5% | 35.4% | |||
|
| |||||||
| Discharge Type (%) | Routine | 32.9% | 40.1% | < 0.01 | 0.0% | 38.3% | < 0.01 |
| Not Routine | 67.1% | 59.9% | 100.0% | 61.7% | |||
|
| |||||||
| In-patient mortality rate | 3.0% | 1.9% | 0.045 | 100.0% | 0.0% | - | |
*
Combination denotes any patient with concomitant upper, lower, and/or hip fractures.