Table 3.
Third trimester fetal and maternal complications (27–42 wks)
| Indication | N | Maternal adverse events | Pregnancy outcome | Premature birth | Fetal adverse events | Temporal relation with endoscopy? | Etiological relation with endoscopy? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigmoidoscopy | |||||||
| IBD & colitis other [11,64,65] | 3 | None (n = 2), subtotal colectomy with ileostomy after delivery (n = 1) | Live birth (n = 3) | No (n = 1), Yes (n = 2) | Premature births (28 and 34 wks), low birth weight (1850 and 1054 g) | No (n = 2), yes (n = 1) | Likely, after sigmoidoscopy colonic perforation was suspected, this led to an emergency caesarean section. |
| Malignancy [66-70] | 5 | Not reported (n = 3), death 12 months after hemicolectomy (n = 1), 1,5 years after delivery discovery of pulmonary metastases (n = 1) | Live birth (n = 5) | Yes (n = 4), No (n = 1) | Premature births at 34, 34, 31 and 33 wks, all deliveries were elective, low birth weight reported (n = 2) | No | Unlikely |
| Volvulus and incarcerated uterus [49,71-73] | 5 (in 4 pts) | None | Live birth (n = 4) | None | None | Yes (n = 1) | Unlikely |
| Non-malignant colonic obstruction [74,75] | 2 | None | Live birth (n = 1), not reported (n = 1) | Yes (n = 1) | Elective caesarean section (n = 1), Not reported (n = 1) | Yes (n = 1) | Unlikely |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Colonoscopy | |||||||
| IBD & colitis other [52,76] | 2 | Intensive care unit admittance postpartum (n = 1), none (n = 1) | Live birth (n = 1), not reported (n = 1) | Yes (n = 1), not reported (n = 1) | Premature birth (32 wks) with low birth weight 2175 grams | No | Unlikely |
| Malignancy [77-84] | 8 | None (n = 4), maternal death after delivery due to disease progression (n = 4) | Live birth (n = 8) | Yes (n = 8) | Premature births by elective caesarean section (n = 4), spontaneous premature birth (n = 4) | Yes (n = 1), no (n = 7) | Unlikely |
| Volvulus and incarcerated uterus | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Non-malignant colonic obstruction [85,86] | 3 (in 2 pts) | None | Live birth (n = 1), live twin birth (n = 1) | Yes (n = 1) | Spontaneous premature birth of twins at wk 34 | Yes | Possible, however nifedipine was also stopped around time of LGE |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding [87] | 1 | None | Elective termination at 34 wks | Yes | Not reported | No | Unlikely |
| Total | 29 | ||||||