Figure 2.

Predicted probability of obesity at 7 to 10 years of age for 16 combinations of four modifiable prenatal and postnatal risk factors. Data are from 1110 mother–child pairs participating in Project Viva. Estimates are adjusted for the mother’s educational level and body-mass index (BMI), household income, and the child’s race or ethnic group. Obesity was defined as a BMI above the 95th percentile for age and sex. Excessive gestational weight gain was defined according to the 2009 recommendations of the Institute of Medicine. Plus signs indicate the presence of the risk factor, and minus signs the absence of the risk factor. I bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. From Gillman MW, Ludwig DS. How early should obesity prevention start? N Engl J Med 2013;369:2173–75. © 2013 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission.⁴³