TABLE 5.

Changes in neuropsychological test scores during the study period in the 3 treatment groups¹

	Treatment group			P
Neuropsychological tests	HF (n = 30)	IF (n = 30)	LF (n = 30)	ANOVA	Time × treatment interaction
MMSE
Week 0	29.07 ± 0.20	29.27 ± 0.20	29.23 ± 0.22	0.76	0.522
Week 8	29.20 ± 0.17	29.27 ± 0.18	29.20 ± 0.19
Change	0.13 ± 0.13	0.00 ± 0.10	−0.03 ± 0.09
TMT A, s
Week 0	33.87 ± 1.81	32.27 ± 1.67	33.07 ± 1.75	0.81	<0.0001
Week 8	25.25 ± 1.45a	25.58 ± 1.53a	32.13 ± 1.82b	0.0035
Change	−8.57 ± 0.38a	−6.67 ± 0.45a	−0.77 ± 1.57b	<0.0001
P (ANOVA)	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.63
TMT B, s
Week 0	79.23 ± 3.37	78.27 ± 3.43	77.45 ± 4.17	0.94	<0.0001
Week 8	62.71 ± 2.80a	63.99 ± 3.14a	76.43 ± 4.21b	0.01
Change	−16.50 ± 0.8a	−14.20 ± 0.49a	−1.10 ± 0.68b	<0.0001
P (ANOVA)	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.12
VFT, words/60 s
Week 0	24.87 ± 1.08	26.13 ± 1.11	23.72 ± 1.28	0.38	<0.0001
Week 8	32.58 ± 1.60a	29.62 ± 1.35a,b	25.05 ± 1.44b	0.002
Change	7.70 ± 1.09a	3.57 ± 1.23b	1.33 ± 0.45b	<0.0001
P (ANOVA)	<0.0001	0.007	0.01
z Score
Week 0	−0.058 ± 0.10	0.083 ± 0.10	−0.026 ± 0.17	0.72	<0.0001
Week 8	0.656 ± 0.10a	0.582 ± 0.10a	0.063 ± 0.15b	0.0013
Change	0.714 ± 0.03a	0.498 ± 0.05b	0.089 ± 0.7c	<0.0001
P (ANOVA)	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.19

¹Values are means ± SEs. Differences within groups were analyzed by ANOVA. Differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. Values within a row not sharing a common superscript letter are significantly different, P < 0.05. HF, high flavanol intake; IF, intermediate flavanol intake; LF, low flavanol intake; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test.

²Time effect, P = 0.594; treatment effect, P = 0.878.