Table 1.
Summary of observed sex differences and stress effects in rodent learned fear behavioral paradigms. F = female; M = male; FC = fear conditioning; EX = extinction.
| Behavioral Paradigm | Manipulation | Measure | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cued FC & EX | None | Freezing | F > M | Baran et al. (Mar. 2009) |
| Cued FC & EX | None | Freezing | M > F | Milad et al. (Dec. 2009b) |
| Context FC & EX | None | Freezing | M > F | Chang et al. (Nov. 2009) |
| Cued FC & EX | Estradiol (circulating) | Freezing | F
|
Milad et al. (Dec. 2009b); Rey et al. (Apr. 2014) |
| Cued FC & EX | Estradiol (injection) | Freezing | None | Hoffman et al. (Oct. 2010) |
| Context FC & EX | Estradiol (injection) | Freezing | F
|
Chang et al. (Nov. 2009) |
| Eyeblink conditioning | None | Eyeblink responses | F > M | Dalla and Shors (May 2009) |
| Fear potentiated startle | None | Startle magnitude | F > M | Mazor et al., 2009, Adamec et al., 2006 |
| Eyeblink conditioning | Tailshock stress | Eyeblink responses | FM
|
Wood and Shors, 1998, Maeng and Shors, 2013 |
| Cued FC & EX | Chronic restraint stress | Freezing | FM
|
Baran et al., 2009, Izquierdo et al., 2006 |
| Cued FC & EX | Psychosocial stress | Freezing | FM
|
McCormick et al., 2013, Wilson et al., 2014 |
| Cued FC & EX | Environmental stress | Freezing | F
|
Gruene et al. (May 2014) |
| Cued FC & EX | Maternal separation stress | Freezing | FM
|
Wilber et al., 2009, Xiong et al., 2014 |
| Cued FC & EX | Peri-pubertal stress | Freezing | FM
|
Toledo-Rodriguez and Sandi (Jan. 2007) |