Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of All Patients Undergoing CAC Scan and CCTA, and as Stratified by CAC score
| All CAC | Coronary Artery Calcium Score | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–100 | 101–400 | >400 | |||
| n (%) | 473 (100) | 253 (53) | 45 (10) | 91 (19) | 49 (10) | 35 (7) | |
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| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 53.9±8.0 | 51.2±7.1 | 54.2±7.7 | 56.5±7.9 | 58.0±7.3 | 60.4±7.8 | <0.0001 |
| Male sex (%) | 249(53) | 105 (42) | 28 (62) | 53 (58) | 36 (74) | 27 (77) | <0.0001 |
| Race | |||||||
| African American (%) | 129 (27) | 81 (32) | 11 (24) | 24 (26) | 10 (20) | 3 (9) | 0.004 |
| Caucasian (%) | 316 (67) | 157(62) | 30 (67) | 64 (70) | 36 (74) | 29 (83) | 0.007 |
| Asians (%) | 16 (3) | 9 (4) | 4 (9) | 0 | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | 0.60 |
| Others (%) | 12 (3) | 6 (2) | 0 | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (6) | 0.52 |
| Ethnicity, non-Hispanic n (%) | 409 (87) | 211(83) | 42 (93) | 79 (87) | 45 (92) | 32 (91) | 0.03 |
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| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 252 (53) | 112 (44) | 22 (49) | 60 (66) | 30 (61) | 28 (80) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 79 (17) | 28 (11) | 7 (16) | 19 (21) | 12 (25) | 13 (37) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 216 (46) | 93 (37) | 25 (56) | 49 (54) | 24 (49) | 25 (71) | <0.0001 |
| Former or current smoking (%) | 236 (50) | 113 (45) | 24 (53) | 49 (54) | 28 (57) | 22 (63) | 0.01 |
| Family history of premature CAD (%) | 131 (28) | 75 (30) | 9 (20) | 27 (30) | 7 (14) | 13 (37) | 0.45 |
| No. risk factors (% of 0–1 / 2–3 / ≥4) | |||||||
| 0–1 (%) | 172 (36) | 117 (46) | 14 (31) | 21 (23) | 17 (35) | 3 (9) | <0.0001 |
| 2–3 (%) | 256 (54) | 124 (49) | 29 (64) | 53 (58) | 29 (59) | 21 (60) | |
| ≥4 (%) | 45 (10) | 12 (5) | 2 (4) | 17 (19) | 3 (6) | 11 (31) | |
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| Relevant Prior Medication | |||||||
| Aspirin (%) | 110 (23) | 51 (20) | 9 (20) | 23 (25) | 14 (29) | 13 (37) | 0.03 |
| Beta Blocker (%) | 82 (18) | 38 (15) | 7 (16) | 18 (20) | 9 (18) | 10 (29) | 0.08 |
| Statins (%) | 134 (28) | 60 (24) | 13 (29) | 29 (32) | 17 (35) | 15 (43) | 0.007 |
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| Initial ED Presentation | |||||||
| Chief complaint | |||||||
| Chest pain with or without radiation (%) | 421 (89) | 231 (91) | 39 (87) | 77 (85) | 46 (94) | 28 (80) | 0.44 |
| Pain arm/jaw/shoulder/epigastric (%) | 20 (4) | 9 (4) | 3 (7) | 4 (4) | 1 (2) | 3 (9) | |
| Shortness of breath (%) | 6 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| Other (%) | 26 (6) | 11 (4) | 2 (4) | 8 (9) | 1 (2) | 4 (11) | |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 77±14 | 77±14 | 80±14 | 77±14 | 77±14 | 76±17 | 0.64 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144±23 | 139±21 | 143±22 | 151±24 | 149±23 | 150±22 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83±13 | 82±12 | 84±13 | 86±14 | 85±13 | 83±16 | 0.06 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.4±5.2 | 29.0±5.2 | 30.4±4.7 | 29.4±5.0 | 29.2±7.0 | 30.3±3.9 | 0.07 |
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| Discharge Diagnosis during Index | |||||||
| Non-cardiac CP (%) | 407 (86) | 245 (97) | 39 (87) | 77 (85) | 36 (74) | 10 (29) | <0.0001 |
| Non-coronary cardiac CP (%) | 6 (1) | 2 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | |
| Coronary CP, not ACS (%) | 22 (5) | 4 (2) | 4 (9) | 3 (3) | 4 (8) | 7 (20) | |
| ACS (%) | 38 (8) | 2(1) | 2(4) | 10 (11) | 7(14) | 17 (49) | |
| Unstable angina pectoris (%) | 32 (7) | 1(0.4) | 2(4) | 10 (11) | 4(8) | 15 (43) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 6 (1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 3 (6) | 2 (6) | <0.0001 |
CAC denotes coronary artery calcium; CCTA, cardiac computed tomography angiography; CAD, coronary artery disease; CP, chest pain; ED, emergency department; and ACS, acute coronary syndrome.