Table 3.
Biomechanical studies
| Study | Year | Aim | Materials and subjects | Intervention | Results | Conclusion | Clinical relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanders et al15 | 2000 | Show bone contusion patterns associated with different ligament injuries | Description | Pivot shift injury: ACL rupture with BB in PLTP and LFC (exact location in LFC depends on the flexion of the knee). Dashboard injury: PCL rupture with BB in the anterior tibial plateau. Hyperextension injury: PCL and ACL tears with BB in the anterior tibial plateau and the anterior part of the femoral condyles | BB pattern could be considered a footprint of the mechanism of injury | First study to collect all of the mechanism of injury and their relationship with the BB pattern | |
| Quelard et al36 | 2010 | Assess preoperative factors that correlate with prolonged ROM deficits after ACLR | 217 patients undergoing ACLR | ROM goniometric measurement at 6 weeks and 3 months. MRI evaluation of bone contusion | Delayed recovery correlated with limited preoperative ROM (P<0.001), BB of the lateral compartment (P<0.001), operative delay <45 days (P=0.003), and female sex (P=0.049). BB and limited preoperative ROM were correlated (P<0.001) | BB and reduced ROM are risk factors for delayed recovery from ACLR | Clinical postoperative management and rehabilitation protocols must consider BB lesions |
| Viskontas et al30 | 2008 | Correlate BB location patterns with mechanism of injury | 100 patients with ACL rupture (86 NC; 14 C) | BB assessment: frequency; location; depth; and intensity | Associated lesions were MCL (70% in the NC group and 71% in the C group); medial meniscal tear (38% NC; 36% C); and lateral meniscal tear (34% NC; 29% C). Statistically relevant prevalence of lateral compartment BB when compared to the medial compartment (both groups, P<0.001). Significantly more LTP BB in the NC group (P<0.019). More PLTP (posterior third) BB (P=0.045) and MTP (P=0.045). Greater intensity (grade 3) was found in the NC group (81% versus 36%; P<0.001). Higher intensity at the LTP in the NC group (P<0.001) | Significantly different BB patterns are shown for C and NC groups of lesions | Correlates BB incidence with the type of injury |
Abbreviations: ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; BB, bone bruise; PLTP, posterolateral tibial plateau; LFC, lateral femoral condyle; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; ROM, range of motion; ACLR, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NC, noncontact; C, contact; MCL, medial collateral ligament; LTP, lateral tibial; MTP, medial tibial plateau.