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. 2014 Nov 5;64(12):1159–1169. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biu172

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© The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — A framework for dealing with uncertainty and risk under different conditions of predictability and knowledge about effective measures. Anticipation here refers to measures aimed at reducing the risk or impact from a specific risk factor, whereas resilience refers to measures that foster the ability of the system to absorb perturbations and to maintain essential functions and services. Mixed refers to a combination of anticipatory and resilience-focused measures. Source: This image was adapted from Searching for Safety by Aaron Wildavsky. Reused with permission from Transaction Publishers. Copyright 1988.