Table 4. Counterfactual deaths and population attributable fractions for diarrhoea and lower respiratory infection pathogens for 1990 and 2013.
| Children younger than age 5 years |
All ages |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 |
2013 |
1990 |
2013 |
Rate of change for deaths 1990-2013 (%) | |||||
| Deaths (thousands) | Population attributable fractions (%) | Deaths (thousands) | Population attributable fractions (%) | Deaths (thousands) | Population attributable fractions (%) | Deaths (thousands) | Population attributable fractions (%) | ||
| Diarrhoea | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Adenovirus | 63·0 (44·4 to 89·9) | 3·9 (2·7 to 5·5) | 18·3 (11·8 to 25·5) | 3·5 (2·4 to 4·9) | 81·3 (55·9 to 115·9) | 3·2 (2·1 to 4·4) | 31·8 (21·5 to 44·7) | 2·5 (1·7 to 3·6) | −61·2% (−67·8 to −52·5) |
| Aeromonas | 12·3 (6·4 to 21·4) | 0·8 (0·4 to 1·3) | 5·5 (2·6 to 10·1) | 1·1 (0·5 to 1·9) | 28·0 (16·7 to 44·9) | 1·1 (0·7 to 1·7) | 13·0 (7·3 to 22·0) | 1·0 (0·6 to 1·7) | −53·6% (−66·1 to −37·8) |
| Amoebiasis | 5·8 (2·6 to 10·0) | 0·4 (0·2 to 0·6) | 1·3 (0·6 to 2·3) | 0·2 (0·1 to 0·5) | 18·3 (8·9 to 30·6) | 0·7 (0·3 to 1·2) | 11·3 (5·0 to 19·7) | 0·9 (0·4 to 1·6) | −39·1% (−57 to −17·5) |
| Campylobacter enteritis | 20.8 (11·0 to 31·9) | 1·3 (0·7 to 2·0) | 9·5 (3·7 to 15·7) | 1·8 (0·7 to 3·0) | 28·4 (16·4 to 42·8) | 1·1 (0·6 to 1·6) | 14·1 (6·9 to 22·4) | 1·1 (0·5 to 1·8) | −50·7% (−63·7 to −37·5) |
| Cholera | 81·7 (39·1 to 117·0) | 5·1 (2·5 to 7·2) | 45·2 (23·4 to 67·6) | 8·7 (4·5 to 12·7) | 125·3 (61·1 to 173·4) | 4·9 (2·4 to 6·7) | 69·9 (37·7 to 97·0) | 5·5 (3·0 to 7·7) | −44·3% (−56·8 to −26·6) |
| Clostridium difficile | 2·1 (2·0 to 2·3) | 0·1 (0·1 to 0·1) | 2·5 (2·4 to 2·7) | 0·5 (0·4 to 0·6) | 20·8 (19·9 to 21·9) | 0·8 (0·7 to 0·9) | 41·5 (39·1 to 43·9) | 3·3 (3·0 to 3·6) | 99·4% (84·3 to 114·3) |
| Cryptosporidiosis | 92·4 (68·7 to 125·1) | 5·8 (4·3 to 7·8) | 35·2 (25·9 to 48·2) | 6·8 (5·1 to 9·3) | 98·8 (72·8 to 132·7) | 3·8 (2·8 to 5·2) | 41·9 (30·0 to 58·4) | 3·3 (2·4 to 4·7) | −57·8% (−64·8 to −49·6) |
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection | 4·3 (1·3 to 7·8) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·5) | 1·8 (0·7 to 3·4) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·7) | 4·3 (1·3 to 7·8) | 0·2 (0·1 to 0·3) | 1·8 (0·7 to 3·4) | 0·1 (0·1 to 0·3) | −57·5% (−76·5 to −32) |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection | 86·0 (61·3 to 114·1) | 5·4 (3·8 to 7·2) | 23·1 (17·0 to 30·4) | 4·4 (3·4 to 5·9) | 134·7 (97·5 to 178·2) | 5·2 (3·8 to 6·8) | 59·2 (44·2 to 77·7) | 4·7 (3·5 to 6·1) | −56·0% (−63·0 to −46·9) |
| Norovirus | 7·3 (2·7 to 11·8) | 0·5 (0·2 to 0·7) | 1·8 (0·7 to 3·1) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·6) | 7·3 (2·7 to 11·8) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·5) | 1·8 (0·7 to 3·2) | 0·1 (0·1 to 0·2) | −75·8% (−85·1 to −61·6) |
| Other Salmonella infections | 19·2 (11·1 to 29·1) | 1·2 (0·7 to 1·8) | 3·8 (1·6 to 6·7) | 0·7 (0·3 to 1·2) | 58·9 (42·4 to 77·8) | 2·3 (1·6 to 3·0) | 24·3 (16·0 to 33·3) | 1·9 (1·3 to 2·6) | −58·9% (−65·4 to −51·1) |
| Rotaviral enteritis | 398·9 (334·5 to 464·2) | 24·8 (21·4 to 28·2) | 122·4 (96·6 to 152·1) | 23·5 (20·1 to 27·2) | 477·5 (397·9 to 555·1) | 18·5 (15·8 to 21·2) | 176·6 (140·4 to 218·4) | 14·0 (11·4 to 16·6) | −63·2% (−68·5 to −57·1) |
| Shigellosis | 161·0 (130·0 to 200·3) | 10·0 (8·2 to 12·2) | 33·4 (24·9 to 43·5) | 6·4 (5·1 to 7·9) | 254·2 (207·9 to 311·7) | 9·9 (8·2 to 11·9) | 73·9 (58·9 to 93·8) | 5·8 (4·7 to 7·3) | −70·9% (−74·4 to −67·3) |
| No identified aetiology* | 652·4 (542·4 to 783·1) | 40·6 (35·3 to 46·8) | 215·9 (169·6 to 265·2) | 41·5 (35·7 to 48·1) | 1240·9 (1096·8 to 1421·5) | 48·1 (43·5 to 53·5) | 702·9 (619·2 to 796) | 55·6 (51·4 to 60·3) | −43·2% (−49·3 to −36·1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Lower respiratory infections | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type B pneumonia | 427·1 (−39·8 to 853·4) | 19·7 (−1·8 to 39·1) | 108·7 (−9·9 to 226·9) | 12·0 (−1·1 to 25·5) | 427·1 (−39·8 to 853·4) | 12·5 (−1·2 to 24·8) | 108·7 (−9·9 to 226·9) | 4·1 (−0·4 to 8·8) | −75·1% (−79·1 to ·71−2) |
| Influenza | 36·3 (14·2 to 73·5) | 1·7 (0·7 to 3·3) | 15·1 (5·7 to 30·4) | 1·7 (0·6 to 3·3) | 85·1 (36·1 to 156·2) | 2·5 (1·1 to 4·5) | 105·4 (45·3 to 188·1) | 4·0 (1·7 to 7·3) | 24·0% (3·4 to 47·7) |
| Pneumococcal pneumonia | 652·4 (402·6 to 879·4) | 30·1 (19·0 to 40·2) | 264·0 (155·7 to 365·8) | 29·2 (18·0 to 39·2) | 919·5 (553·1 to 1320·5) | 26·9 (16·3 to 38·4) | 594·4 (295·6 to 970·2) | 22·4 (11·4 to 35·9) | −36·1% (−52·7 to −19·8) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia | 145·1 (82·7 to 228·0) | 6·7 (3·8 to 10·5) | 41·1 (23·0 to 65·5) | 4·5 (2·6 to 7·1) | 185·5 (114·4 to 268·6) | 5·4 (3·5 to 7·9) | 81·5 (53·6 to 109·9) | 3·1 (2·0 to 4·2) | −55·7% (−63 to −47·2) |
| No identified aetiology* | 907·2 (407·3 to 1451·3) | 41·9 (19·0 to 66·7) | 476·2 (313·3 to 651·6) | 52·6 (35·2 to 70·2) | 1803·4 (1211·8 to 2452·5) | 52·7 (35·4 to 71·1) | 1762·6 (1385·3 to 2134·1) | 66·5 (52·8 to 79·9) | −0·8% (−19·8 to 22·9) |
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals.
*
Number or proportion of diarrhea or lower respiratory infection deaths attributable to any diarrhea or lower respiratory infection pathogens. Because of interaction between pathogens (especially for lower respiratory infection), the value is the minimum amount of unexplained deaths.