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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Mar;60(3):294–307. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000597

Figure 3. Cross-talk between microbiome and intestinal homeostasis.

Figure 3

Initial infant colonization results from genetics, microbial exposures such as delivery mode and antibiotic usage, and breast feeding. This, in turn, sets in motion the cross-talk between the microbiome, nutrition, immunity, barrier function, metabolism and gene expression. The initial colonization of the infant and microbiome-directed therapies represent a major avenue for prevention and treatment of immune and metabolic disease.