Table 2.
Variables at Baseline and After the 4-Week Intervention
| Salsalate (4 g/day) (N=11) | Placebo (4 g/day) (N=13) | Treatment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post-test | Baseline | Post-test | P-Value | |
| 2-hr OGTT | |||||
| Systolic BP (mm/Hg) | 122.0 (107.0, 142.0) | 123.0 (104.0, 131.0) | 114.0 (111.5, 130.0) | 117.0 (110.0, 125.5) | 0.69 |
| Diastolic BP (mm/Hg) | 67.0 (63.0, 73.0) | 69.0 (63.0, 75.0) | 71.0 (68.0, 78.0) | 71.0 (65.0, 73.0) | 0.14 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.2 (82.9, 95.1) | 83.3 (77.0, 87.9)† | 83.2 (78.7, 86.9) | 83.8 (82.0, 86.5) | <0.01 |
| Fasting Insulin (μ U/mL) | 11.0 (9.5, 13.5) | 14.8 (11.0, 17.3) | 7.2 (5.0, 10.2)* | 10.0 (6.4, 12.6) | 0.24 |
| Fasting C-Peptide (ng/mL) | 3.6 (2.6, 3.9) | 3.3 (2.1, 3.8) | 2.9 (2.2, 3.3) | 3.2 (2.7, 3.8)* | 0.05 |
| Fasting Insulin / C-peptide | 3.3 (3.0, 3.8) | 5.2 (3.7, 5.7)† | 2.8 (2.5, 3.4)* | 3.2 (2.4, 3.7) | <0.01 |
| Fasting FFA (μ M/L) | 510.7 (395.5, 519.1) | 293.8 (238.9, 440.7) | 459.2 (376.1, 502.9) | 491.9 (424.1, 535.8) | 0.02 |
| QUICKI | 0.34 (0.33, 0.34) | 0.32 (0.32, 0.34) | 0.36 (0.34, 0.38) | 0.34 (0.33, 0.37) | 0.56 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 (2.0, 2.8) | 3.2 (2.2, 3.6) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 2.1 (1.3, 2.6) | 0.43 |
| HOMA-B | 157.9 (146.1, 215.3) | 232.5 (201.2, 444.4)† | 142.2 (85.3, 187.0) | 165.1 (102.5, 233.4) | <0.01 |
| Matsuda Index | 1.9 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.2, 2.1) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.8) | 2.2 (1.8, 3.0) | 0.40 |
| Glucose AUC (mg/dL × min) | 280.6 (257.9, 317.9) | 260.0 (254.7, 276.4) | 268.9 (234.6, 285.7) | 261.5 (240.3, 287.3) | 0.44 |
| Insulin AUC (μ U/mL × min) | 114.8 (92.2, 147.8) | 159.6 (115.9, 189.7)† | 88.0 (70.4, 108.5) | 93.2 (77.7, 118.6) | <0.01 |
| C-Peptide AUC (ng/mL × min) | 22.4 (19.3, 26.2) | 24.1 (17.5, 27.1) | 18.9 (17.9, 23.0) | 21.9 (18.9, 24.7)* | 0.16 |
| Plasma Markers | |||||
| hsIL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.1) | 1.7 (1.1, 3.9) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.8) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 0.54 |
| sTNFrII (pg/mL) × 102 | 23.8 (19.7, 27.8) | 22.6 (20.3, 25.8) | 22.8 (17.3, 26.0) | 23.9 (17.4, 27.7) | 0.17 |
| sCD14 (ng/mL) × 102 | 12.7 (11.6, 13.1) | 12.5 (11.3, 14.7) | 13.1 (11.5, 14.4) | 12.4 (11.0, 14.7) | 0.30 |
| sCD163 (ng/mL) | 47.5 (36.6, 61.5) | 49.8 (38.8, 51.3) | 41.7 (35.4, 70.3) | 47.7 (31.2, 71.0) | 0.37 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) × 102 | 63.6 (52.4, 92.6) | 81.2 (70.1, 101.7)† | 64.5 (48.3, 88.0) | 59.3 (44.3, 80.6) | <0.001 |
| Adipsin (ng/mL) | 31.7 (27.1, 35.8) | 32.6 (27.2, 34.2) | 27.1 (24.7, 34.0) | 28.0 (25.5, 33.0) | 0.99 |
| Adiposity: DEXA and 3-T MRI | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 41.3 (37.7, 47.0) | 41.8 (37.7, 47.1) | 35.5 (33.2, 43.8) | 36.8 (33.4, 43.6) | 0.90 |
| Total Body Fat (%) | 44.8 (38.5, 48.8) | 45.2 (37.1, 50.0) | 40.6 (34.3, 44.3) | 39.8 (32.7, 42.3) | 0.42 |
| SAAT (L) | 11.0 (8.2, 11.7) | 9.9 (8.1, 12.6) | 9.1 (7.8, 10.9) | 8.4 (7.2, 10.3) | 0.96 |
| VAT (L) | 3.4 (2.5, 5.4) | 3.6 (2.7, 5.2) | 3.3 (2.2, 4.2) | 3.2 (1.8, 4.7) | 0.53 |
| Liver Fat (%) | 8.7 (6.2, 13.7) | 9.1 (4.1, 14.1) | 8.6 (3.4, 12.6) | 8.2 (3.6, 13.5) | 0.19 |
| Pancreatic Fat (%) | 6.9 (3.0, 11.8) | 7.8 (6.1, 9.3) | 5.3 (4.3, 6.7) | 6.2 (4.2, 7.9) | 0.94 |
| Adipose Tissue Biopsies | |||||
| Average Fat Cell Size (μ2) × 102 | 59.5 (44.6, 72.3) | 52.7 (37.2, 62.0) | 55.3 (51.8, 62.8) | 44.8 (41.3, 56.6)* | 0.90 |
| CLS [Y/N, (%)] | 7/4 (64%) | 3/8 (27%) | 3/10 (23%) | 0/13 (0%) | 0.40 |
| Leukocytes (%) | 20.9 (8.9, 35.1) | 30.7 (15.6, 41.1) | 17.5 (9.3, 24.7) | 23.9 (12.6, 28.3) | 0.14 |
| Monocytes/Macrophages (%) | 29.0 (15.0, 59.1) | 27.3 (0.0, 60.4) | 34.0 (25.8, 42.5) | 33.3 (20.4, 46.1) | 0.73 |
Data are reported as median (25th, 75th percentile). Paired P-values
*
(P<0.05 and
†
P≤0.01) correspond to Related-Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test or McNemar test on proportions.
Salsalate group: N=10 for MRI. Placebo group: N=12 for flow cytometry and post-test DEXA and MRI. Treatment P-value column values are from ANCOVA, which controlled for the baseline dependent variable and body fat percent. A Fisher’s Exact test was performed on the change in crown-like structures (CLS) to determine whether treatment altered the proportion of those with CLS at post-test compared to baseline.