Fig 4. Inhibitory effects of water and methanol extracts of N. nucifera leaves on VEGF-induced ROS generation in HUVECs.

(a) Serum-starved cells were pretreated with extracts for 30 min and then treated with VEGF (20 ng ml⁻¹) for 15 min. ROS generation was determined by measuring DCF-DA fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity was determined by analyzing the captured images with the Image Inside program. (b) Data are mean ± SD values from four independent experiments. *: p<0.05 compared with untreated control; ^#: p<0.05 compared with VEGF-treated CAM samples. All tested concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg ml⁻¹) of the water as well as the methanol extract display statistically significant difference with respect to each other.