Table 2.
Summary of Controlled Exercise Interventions in Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration
| Reference | Group | n (Age, years) | Health status | Sex | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 373 | High-intensity ET | Women: 10 (65.3 ± 9.4 years) Men: 9 (70.9 ± 6.7 years) |
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment | Both | BDNF increased in men but decreased in women. ET group improved cognitive function compared to controls. |
| Control (stretching) | Women: 5 (74.6 ± 11.1 years) Men: 5 (70.6 ± 6.1 years) |
||||
| 374 | High-intensity ET Control (stretching) |
29 (74.3 ± 2.8 years) | Glucose tolerance criteria for pre-diabetes or newly diagnosed | Both | Although BDNF did not change, ET group improved cognitive functions compared to controls. |
| 375 | ET Control |
20 (62 years) 19 (63 years) |
Coronary artery disease | Both | No changes were observed in VEGF concentrations for both groups. |
| 376 | High-intensity ST Moderate-intensity ST Control (stretch) |
62 (65–75 years) | Healthy | Men | IGF-1 increased in both ST groups. |
| 377 | ST (non-frail) ST (pre-frail) |
24 (70.5 ± 4.6 years) 24 (72.5 ± 4.3 years) |
Pre-frail and non- frail | Women | BDNF increased in both groups. No changes in GDNF or NGF. |
| 378 | ET Control (stretching) |
60 (67.6 ± 5.8 years) 60 (65.5 ± 5.4 years) |
Healthy | Both | ET increased the size of the hippocampus and BDNF. |
| 379 | ST | 21 (85.0 ± 4.5y) | Healthy | Women | No changes on VEGF after ST |
| 380 | Combined Control |
10 (66.1 ± 3.1 years) 10 (67.7 ± 5.2 years) |
Obese | Women | VEGF increased after 12 weeks of combined training. |
| 381 | ET ST |
181 (70.3 ± 4.5 years) 167 (71.0 ± 4.5 years) |
Healthy | Women | Only ST increased BDNF |
| 382 | Combined (aerobic and resistance) | 20 (92.3 ± 2.3 years) | Healthy | Both | No changes in BDNF, ACE, APP, EGF, and TNFα |
| Control | 20 (92.1 ± 2.3 years) | ||||
| 383 | Exercise + medical treatment Medical treatment |
20 (69 ± 8 years) 20 (70 ± 11 years) |
Peripheral artery disease | Both | Exercise increased circulating EPC counts and decreased ADMA levels. No changes in VEGF and SDF-1. |
| 384 | Multi-modal (aerobic, strength and motor fitness) | 25 (69.0 ± 3.1 years) | Healthy | Women | Exercise increased BDNF and cognitive performance. |
| Control | 24 (68.8 ± 3.5 years) | ||||
| 385 | ET Control (flexibility, toning and balance) |
30 (67.3 ± 5.8 years) 35 (65.4 ± 5.2 years) |
Healthy | Both | No changes in BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF |
| 386 | Acute exercise ET Control |
18 (62 ± 10 yeasrs) 7 (64 ± 6 years) 6 (56 ± 9) |
intermittent claudication | Both | No change was observed in VEGF concentrations in response to acute exercise and to the training |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; APP, amyloid precursor protein; DMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; ET, endurance training; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; NGF, nerve growth factor; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; ST, strength training; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.