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. 2015 Feb 20;9(1):55–64. doi: 10.1007/s11832-015-0643-2

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Decision tree used to compare the three treatment techniques for pediatric proximal humerus fractures: intramedullary nailing (IMN), exposed percutaneous pinning (PPE), and buried percutaneous pinning (PPB). Symbols: square decision node; circle chance node; triangle outcome/terminal node. Numerical values represent outcome probabilities. # represents the complement probability such that the sum of probabilities at a node is 1.00 (e.g., if p_IMN_Complication = 0.35, then # takes a value of 0.65). For example: p_IMN_Complication: probability of having a complication after IMN insertion, including infection (superficial vs. deep) or hardware complication (migration/protrusion). C_PPE + C_Sup_Inf: cost of exposed percutaneous pin insertion and cost of superficial skin infection. A list of all probabilities and costs are included as follows: probabilities: p_IMN_Complication = probability of IMN complication; p_IMN_Infection = probability of infection with IMN nailing (_Sup = superficial infection); p_IMN_Revise = probability of hardware complications with IMN; p_IMN_Removal = probability of removing hardware after IMN; p_PPE_Complication = probability of PPE complication; p_PPE_Infection = probability of infection with PPE (_Sup = superficial infection); p_PPB_Complication = probability of PPB complication; p_PPB_Infection = probability of infection with PPB (_Sup = superficial infection); p_PPB_Mig_Cl = probability of all hardware migration with PPB removed in clinic; cost: C_IMN = cost of IMN insertion; C_PPE = cost of PPE; C_PPB = cost of PPB; C_IMN_ + C_Sup_Inf + C_IMN_Removal = cost of IMN insertion, superficial infection, IMN removal; C_IMN_ + C_Deep_Inf + C_IMN_Removal = cost of IMN insertion, deep infection, IMN removal; C_IMN_ + C_IMN_Removal = cost of IMN insertion and removal; C_IMN_ + C_IMN_Removal + C_IMN_Hardware_Revision = cost of IMN insertion, revision, and removal; C_PPE + C_Sup_Inf = cost of PPE and cost of superficial infection; C_PPE + C_Deep_Inf = cost of PPE and cost of deep infection; C_PPE + C_PP_removal = cost of PPE and hardware removal; C_PPB + C_PP_removal = cost of PPB and hardware removal; C_PPB + C_Sup_Inf + C_PP_removal = cost of PPB, superficial infection, and pin removal; C_PPB + C_Deep_Inf + C_PP_removal = cost of PPB, deep infection, and pin removal