Table 1.
Maternal characteristics, pregnancy characteristics, medical interventions, health care setting and severe PPH incidences
| All | Spontaneous | Assisted vaginal delivery | Elective CS | Emergency CS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | PPH incidence | % | PPH incidence | % | PPH incidence | % | PPH incidence | % | PPH incidence | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age, n (%) | ||||||||||
| ≤ 35 years | 85.6 | 4.4 | 86.0 | 4.3 | 88.4 | 6.2 | 78.9 | 3.9 | 83.6 | 3.0 |
| > 35 years | 14.4 | 5.1 | 14.0 | 4.8 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 21.1 | 5.5 | 16.4 | 4.3 |
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 0 | 46.2 | 5.0 | 39.1 | 5.1 | 82.1 | 6.6 | 42.0 | 3.8 | 67.7 | 2.8 |
| ≥ 1 | 53.8 | 4.0 | 60.9 | 3.9 | 17.9 | 5.5 | 58.0 | 4.6 | 32.3 | 3.9 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Western | 84.5 | 4.6 | 83.9 | 4.4 | 88.2 | 6.6 | 86.7 | 4.1 | 83.5 | 3.2 |
| Non-Western | 15.5 | 4.1 | 16.1 | 4.0 | 11.8 | 4.8 | 13.3 | 5.3 | 16.5 | 3.3 |
| Social economic status | ||||||||||
| Highest (> p 80) | 17.2 | 4.9 | 17.0 | 4.7 | 18.2 | 7.2 | 18.0 | 4.7 | 17.0 | 3.3 |
| Moderate (p20-80) | 57.8 | 4.5 | 57.8 | 4.3 | 58.4 | 6.4 | 58.9 | 4.1 | 57.0 | 3.2 |
| Lowest (< p20) | 25.0 | 4.2 | 25.3 | 4.2 | 23.5 | 5.7 | 23.1 | 4.2 | 26.0 | 3.0 |
| Pregnancy characteristics | ||||||||||
| Singleton pregnancy | 98.0 | 4.3 | 98.6 | 4.2 | 98.2 | 6.2 | 94.1 | 3.5 | 96.1 | 3.0 |
| Multiple pregnancy | 2.0 | 12.1 | 1.4 | 11.1 | 1.8 | 17.4 | 5.9 | 16.0 | 3.9 | 7.5 |
| Gestational age | ||||||||||
| ≥ 37 weeks | 93.3 | 4.4 | 94.3 | 4.2 | 95.2 | 6.3 | 81.9 | 3.7 | 91.0 | 3.1 |
| < 37 weeks | 6.7 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 8.3 | 18.1 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 3.9 |
| Pre-eclampsia | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2.2 | 7.4 | 1.3 | 8.9 | 2.7 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.1 |
| No | 97.8 | 4.2 | 98.7 | 4.1 | 97.3 | 6.1 | 91.9 | 3.9 | 95.2 | 2.8 |
| Birth weight neonate | ||||||||||
| < 10th percentile | 9.7 | 3.4 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 8.5 | 4.4 | 12.0 | 3.0 | 11.5 | 1.7 |
| 10-90st percentile | 79.7 | 4.3 | 81.0 | 4.2 | 79.0 | 5.9 | 75.6 | 4.3 | 72.3 | 3.0 |
| > 90st percentile | 10.5 | 7.0 | 9.5 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 5.4 | 16.2 | 5.0 |
| Perinatal death | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.8 | 7.5 | 0.8 | 7.3 | 0.4 | 10.3 | 1.0 | 8.8 | 0.7 | 5.5 |
| No | 99.2 | 4.5 | 99.2 | 4.3 | 99.6 | 6.4 | 99.0 | 4.2 | 99.3 | 3.2 |
| Medical interventions | ||||||||||
| Induction of labor | ||||||||||
| Yes | 14.8 | 6.2 | 14.0 | 6.3 | 18.7 | 8.5 | NA | 29.5 | 3.6 | |
| No | 85.2 | 4.2 | 86.0 | 4.0 | 81.3 | 5.9 | NA | 70.5 | 3.0 | |
| Delivery | ||||||||||
| Spontaneous | 74.7 | 4.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 10.7 | 6.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Elective CS | 6.5 | 4.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Emergency CS | 8.1 | 3.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Perineal laceration | ||||||||||
| Intact/ ≤ 1st degree rupture | 71.4 | 3.8 | 74.0 | 3.7 | 14.8 | 5.1 | NA | 99.2 | 3.2 | |
| ≥ 2nd degree rupture/ episiotomy | 28.6 | 6.3 | 26.0 | 6.2 | 85.2 | 6.6 | NA | 0.8 | 3.6 | |
| Manual placenta removal | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.9 | 58.3 | 2.0 | 59.6 | 3.8 | 53.2 | NA | NA | ||
| No | 98.1 | 3.5 | 98.0 | 3.2 | 96.2 | 4.6 | NA | NA | ||
| Health care setting | ||||||||||
| Delivery | ||||||||||
| Home (community midwife) | 24.2 | 2.3 | 32.4 | 2.2 | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Hospital (community midwife) | 10.9 | 4.2 | 14.6 | 4.2 | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Tertiary care Hospital | 5.8 | 7.4 | 4.8 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 11.5 | 7.9 | 8.7 | 6.5 |
| Teaching Hospital | 30.4 | 5.6 | 25.1 | 6.0 | 46.9 | 6.6 | 44.4 | 4.0 | 45.4 | 3.1 |
| Non-teaching Hospital | 28.8 | 4.7 | 23.2 | 5.0 | 45.9 | 5.9 | 44.1 | 3.6 | 45.9 | 2.7 |
Total deliveries: 1599867, PPH unknown: 44859, Mode of delivery unknown: 2350.
NA = not applicable, CS = cesarean.