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. 2014 Jul 3;3(7):e941734. doi: 10.4161/21624011.2014.941734

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© 2014 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© Jelani C Zarif, Russell S Taichman, and Kenneth J Pienta

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 1. — Prostate Cancer Ecosystem and Diaspora. Prostate cancer epithelial cells (PCa^EPI) interact with M2 macrophages and undergo EMT (PCa^EMT).¹⁰ The M2 macrophages then aide the PCa^EMT cells in in situ invasion and intravasation into the lymphatic system. The PCa^EMT cells then extravasate, adapt to the bone microenvironment, and remain dormant in the bone marrow before reversing their cellular characteristics by mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). As these cells leave dormancy, they increase their proliferative rate, resulting in cancer growth and an osteoblastic reaction in the bone.