Attenuation of inflammation by orally administrated CTX. Wistar rats (n = 8 per group) were orally administrated with CTX (5, 30, and 180 μg/kg), TWP (45 mg/kg), or distilled water. Paw volume was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after injection of egg white. The change in swelling paw volume was measured (a); treatment with CTX (30, 180 μg/kg) significantly reduced the swelling of paw at 4 and 6 h after egg white injection. In Capillary osmosis test (b), the injection of acetic acid solution into the abdominal cavity of mouse stimulated the capillary inflammatory exudation; this was reduced by aspirin or CTX (30, 180 μg/kg). Granulomas in rats were induced by 7% formalin-soaked filter papers. Compared to the model group, the TWP and CTX (30, 180 μg/kg) all alleviated the weight of granulomas, but CTX might be more efficacious (c). The CFA-induced primary inflammatory signs were recorded at 6, 24, and 72 h. The changes in paw volume (d) and change in ankle joint circumference (e) were shown. Pretreatment with CTX (45, 90, and 180 μg/kg) for 5 days before the injection of CFA significantly reduced the swelling of paw at 6, 24, and 72 h, and pretreatment with CTX (180 μg/kg) group significantly reduced ankle joint circumference at 72 h after CFA injection. *
P < 0.05, **
P < 0.01, ***
P < 0.001, compared to model group ((c), (d), and (e)) or control group ((a), (b)).