Table 5.

Patient demographics and independent variables, including benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics

	n = 1610	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Mean Age ± SD (range) years	46 ± 12 (18 to 70)	1.00 (1.00 to 1.01)	0.432
Male (%)	551 (34.2)	1
Female (%)	1059 (65.8)	1.17 (0.93 to 1.46)	0.186
Deprivation (%)
SIMD quintile 1 (least deprived)	93 (5.9)	1
SIMD quintile 2	153 (9.7)	0.92 (0.50 to 1.70)	0.794
SIMD quintile 3	90 (5.7)	1.75 (0.90 to 3.43)	0.101
SIMD quintile 4	264 (16.7)	1.29 (0.73 to 2.28)	0.373
SIMD quintile 5 (most deprived)	985 (62.1)	1.41 (0.82 to 2.44)	0.213
SIMD unknown (not in mode)	25 (1.6)
†Co-morbidities (%)
0	1028 (63.9)	1
1	415 (25.8)	1.20 (0.93 to 1.55)	0.152
≥2	167 (10.4)	1.12 (0.79 to 1.58)	0.533
Current Smoking Status (%)
Non-smoker	900 (56.6)	1
Smoker	691 (43.4)	1.16 (0.93 to 1.45)	0.192
Smoking status unknown (not in model)	19 (1.2)
SSRI use (%)
ADM for <2 y (%)	1143 (71.0)	1
Same ADM for ≥2 y	467 (29.0)	1.94 (1.53 to 2.47)	<0.001
Practice (% practice pop.)
1	82 (5.1)	1
3	242 (15.0)	1.48 (0.77 to 2.83)	0.241
6	201 (12.5)	2.78 (1.49 to 5.18)	0.001
8	322 (20.0)	1.96 (1.07 to 3.58)	0.029
9	181 (11.2)	4.17 (2.22 to 7.81)	<0.001
10	302 (18.8)	2.60 (1.42 to 4.78)	0.002
11	280 (17.4)	3.62 (1.98 to 6.66)	<0.001
B&Z use (%)
None	1420 (88.2)	1
Long-term B&Z for ≥8 weeks	190 (11.8)	2.05 (1.47 to 2.86)	<0.001

CI: 95% confidence interval. SD: standard deviation. SIMD: Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. SSRI: selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. ADM: antidepressant medicine.

^†Co-morbidities: Individuals had one or more of the following: asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension.

B&Z: bzodiazepine and/or z –hypnotic.