TABLE 5.
Summary of regional chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence estimates among persons living with HIV in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.
| Study | Country | Sample size (n) |
Sites (n) | Age, yrs | Female, % |
ART use, % |
Years of known HIV |
Current smoker, % |
Former smoker, % |
COPD prevalence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drummond 2013(13) | USA | 316 | 1 | 48.0 ± 6.5 | 34.2% | 55.0% | nr | 84.2% | 9.5% | 16.5% (fixed ratio) |
| George 2009(11) | USA | 234 | 1 | 44.1 ± 9.4 | 17.5% | 83.3% | 8–10 (IQR nr) | 37.1% | 22.6% | 6.8% (fixed ratio) 8.6% (LLN) |
| Gingo 2010(12) | USA | 167 | 1 | 46 (IQR nr) | 26.4% | 80.7% | 13.0 (IQR nr) | 52.7% | 23.4% | 21.0% (fixed ratio) 19% (LLN) |
| Hirani 2011(24) | USA | 98 | 1 | 44.8 ± 11.2 | 16.3% | 87.7% | 8.3 ± 6.5 | 21.0% | 34.0% | 16.3% (fixed ratio)* |
| Samperiz 2013(25) | Spain | 275 | 1 | 48.6 ± 6.6 | 21.8% | 95.6% | 11.9 ± 5.4 | 61.5% | 25.1% | 17.2% (fixed ratio) |
| Cui 2010(26) | Canada | 119 | 1 | 43.4 ± 8.4 | 21.0% | 84.0% | 9.0 ± 6.6 | 43.7% | 19.3% | 3.4% (fixed ratio) |
| Madeddu 2013(14) | Italy | 111 | 1 | 42.3 ± 8.1 | 30.6% | 78.4% | nr | 56.8% | nr | 23.4% (fixed ratio) |
| Kristoffersen 2012(23) | Denmark | 63 | 1 | 43.3 ± 9.0 | 11.1% | 88.9% | 9.3 ± 5.1 | 47.6% | nr | 9.5% (fixed ratio) at baseline; 19.0% at 4.4 year follow-up |
| Nakamura 2014(7) | Japan | 49 | 1 | 40 (IQR nr) | 0.0% | 97.9% | nr | 44.9% | 16.3% | 10.2% (fixed ratio) |
| START Pulmonary Substudy | Multiple | 989 | 80 | 36 (30, 44) | 29.4% | None | 1.2 (0.4, 3.5) | 27.5% | 11.0% | 5.5% (fixed ratio) 6.8% (LLN) |
| Africa | 322 | 7 | 37 (32, 44) | 64.0% | “ | 1.5 (0.5, 4.8) | 14.0% | 5.9% | 5.0% (fixed ratio) 7.8% (LLN) |
|
| Asia | 102 | 8 | 36 (30, 41) | 26.5% | “ | 0.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 19.6% | 9.8% | 0.0% (fixed ratio) 2.0% (LLN) |
|
| Europe/Israel/Australia | 298 | 35 | 38 (31, 45) | 8.7% | “ | 1.2 (0.5, 3.5) | 44.0% | 14.1% | 9.1% (fixed ratio) 9.1% (LLN) |
|
| Mexico/S. America | 182 | 10 | 34 (29, 40) | 12.6% | “ | 0.6 (0.3, 2.0) | 26.9% | 14.8% | 2.7% (fixed ratio) 3.3% (LLN) |
|
| USA | 85 | 20 | 36 (29, 45) | 10.6% | “ | 1.5 (0.4, 4.6) | 32.9% | 12.9% | 7.1% (fixed ratio) 8.2% (LLN) |
*
FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 <80% of predicted
ART=antiretroviral therapy, COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LLN=lower limit of normal, nr = not reported.
Studies are ordered in decreasing sample sizes of country-level data. Estimates from this current study are shown at the bottom. COPD prevalence reported as both FEV1/FVC <0.70 (fixed ratio) and FEV1/FVC <lower limit of normal (LLN). Continuous variables reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).