Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of START study participants stratified by the presence of prevalent chronic kidney disease.
| All Eligible (n=4637) | CKD (n=286) | No CKD (n=4351) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age, years | 36.8 (10.2) | 38.3 (11.3) | 36.7 (10.1) | 0.008 |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Male, n (%) | 3388 (73.1) | 201 (70.3) | 3187 (73.2) | 0.273 |
|
| ||||
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Black | 1402 (30.2) | 96 (33.6) | 1306 (30.0) | 0.011 |
| Hispanic | 631 (13.6) | 23 (8.0) | 608 (14.0) | |
| White | 2054 (44.3) | 131 (45.8) | 1923 (44.2) | |
| Asian | 388 (8.4) | 31 (10.8) | 357 (8.2) | |
| Other | 162 (3.5) | 5 (1.7) | 157 (3.6) | |
|
| ||||
| Exposure category, n (%) | ||||
| Injecting drug use | 63 (1.4) | 8 (2.8) | 55 (1.3) | 0.120 |
| Same sex contact | 2544 (54.9) | 146 (51.1) | 2398 (55.1) | |
| Heterosexual contact | 1778 (38.3) | 116 (40.6) | 1662 (38.2) | |
| Other | 252 (5.4) | 16 (5.6) | 236 (5.4) | |
|
| ||||
| Years since HIV diagnosis | 2.3 (3.4) | 2.7 (4.0) | 2.3 (3.3) | 0.064 |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Baseline CD4, cells/μL | 651 (584–764) | 662 (589–783) | 651 (583–763) | 0.069 |
| Median (IQR) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Log10 HIV RNA, copies/mL | 4 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4 (0.9) | 0.273 |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | 135 (2.9) | 11 (3.8) | 124 (2.9) | 0.047 |
| 18.5–25 | 2399 (51.7) | 142 (49.7) | 2257 (51.9) | |
| 25.1–29.9 | 1340 (28.9) | 71 (24.8) | 1269 (29.2) | |
| ≥30 | 763 (16.5) | 62 (21.7) | 701 (16.1) | |
|
| ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 121.5 (14.7) | 125.1 (16.5) | 121.2 (14.6) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.4 (10.6) | 78.7 (11.1) | 76.2 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Hepatitis C coinfection, n (%) | 167 (3.7) | 14 (5.0) | 153 (3.6) | 0.228 |
|
| ||||
| Hepatitis B coinfection (%) | 130 (2.9) | 4 (1.5) | 126 (3.0) | 0.145 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 164 (3.5) | 20 (7.0) | 144 (3.3) | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 891 (19.2) | 88 (30.7) | 803 (18.5) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 382 (8.2) | 35 (12.2) | 347 (8.0) | 0.011 |
|
| ||||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 22 (0.5) | 5 (1.7) | 17 (0.4) | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 1474 (31.8) | 101 (35.3) | 1373 (31.6) | 0.186 |
|
| ||||
| Region of enrolment | ||||
| North America | 504(10.9) | 48 (16.8) | 456(10.5) | |
| South America/Mexico | 1165 (25.1) | 59 (20.6) | 1106 (25.4) | 0.002 |
| Europe/Israel | 1509(32.5) | 93 (32.5) | 1416 (32.5) | |
| Africa | 996(21.5) | 48 (16.8) | 948 (21.8) | |
| Asia | 356(7.7) | 29 (10.1) | 327 (7.5) | |
| Australia | 107 (2.3) | 9 (3.2) | 98 (2.3) | |
|
| ||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.86 (0.2) | 0.95 (0.5) | 0.85 (0.2) | |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
|
| ||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 110.2 (18.4) | 103.7 (25.2) | 110.5 (17.7) | |
| ≥90 | 3973 (85.7) | 214 (74.8) | 3759 (86.4) | |
| 60–89 | 642 (13.8) | 50 (17.5) | 592 (13.6) | |
| <60 | 22 (0.5) | 22 (7.7) | --- | |
|
| ||||
| Dipstick proteinuria, n (%) | ||||
| Negative protein | 3864 (83.3) | 12 (4.2) | 3852 (88.5) | |
| Trace protein | 505 (10.9) | 6(2.1) | 499 (11.5) | |
| ≥1+ protein** | 268 (5.8) | 268 (93.7) | --- | |
CKD, chronic kidney disease defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m2 and/ or dipstick urine protein ≥1+; eGFR calculated by the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) 2009 equation. Hepatitis C coinfection based on positive antibody at enrolment. Hepatitis B coinfection based on positive surface antigen at enrolment. See text for definitions of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Data were missing in <4% of participants for the following variables: HIV RNA (n=8), blood pressure (n=3), hepatitis C antibody (n=104), and hepatitis B surface antigen (n=119).
p-values were calculated using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables; median CD4 was compared by rank-sum test.
25 participants had 2 urine protein and 16 participants had 3+ urine protein.