Table 2.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors – START baseline (2009–2013)
| Risk Factor, N(%) | Overall N=4019 |
North America N=456 |
Europe/Australia/Israel N=1428 |
South America N=1048 |
Asia N=154 |
Africa N=933 |
Region p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current | 1287 (32.0) | 165 (36.2) | 665 (46.6) | 296 (28.2) | 26 (16.9) | 135 (14.5) | |
| Former | 531 (13.2) | 64 (14.0) | 198 (13.9) | 172 (16.4) | 30 (19.5) | 67 (7.2) | |
| Never | 2201 (54.8) | 227 (49.8) | 565 (39.6) | 580 (55.3) | 98 (63.6) | 731 (78.3) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 107 (2.7) | 10 (2.2) | 26 (1.8) | 19 (1.8) | 17 (11.0) | 35 (3.8) | |
| Normal (18.5 – 24.9) | 2092 (52.1) | 166 (36.4) | 861 (60.3) | 559 (53.3) | 112 (72.7) | 394 (42.2) | |
| Overweight (25.0 – 29.9) | 1156 (28.8) | 142 (31.1) | 411 (28.8) | 349 (33.3) | 20 (13.0) | 234 (25.1) | |
| Obese (> 30) | 664 (16.5) | 138 (30.3) | 130 (9.1) | 121 (11.5) | 5 (3.2) | 270 (28.9) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 133 (3.3) | 30 (6.6) | 36 (2.5) | 18 (1.7) | 2 (1.3) | 47 (5.0) | 0.001 |
| Prior CVD (past history or ECG) | 182 (4.5) | 21 (4.6) | 66 (4.6) | 32 (3.1) | 6 (3.9) | 57 (6.1) | 0.43 |
| Myocardial infarction (ECG or past history) | 37 (0.9) | 9 (2.0) | 20 (1.4) | 4 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.4) | |
| Stroke (past history) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Coronary revascularisation (past history) | 10 (0.2) | 4 (0.9) | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Myocardial ischaemia (ECG)b | 146 (3.6) | 12 (2.6) | 47 (3.3) | 27 (2.6) | 5 (3.2) | 55 (5.9) | |
| Hypertension | 776 (19.3) | 134 (29.4) | 276 (19.3) | 155 (14.8) | 13 (8.4) | 198 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 333 (8.3) | 77 (16.9) | 127 (8.9) | 66 (6.3) | 20 (13.0) | 43 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Number of risk factorsc | |||||||
| None | 1675 (41.7) | 137 (30.0) | 499 (34.9) | 530 (50.6) | 97 (63.0) | 412 (44.2) | <0.001 |
| At least one | 2344 (58.3) | 319 (70.0) | 929 (65.1) | 518 (49.4) | 57 (37.0) | 521 (55.8) | <0.001 |
| Only one | 1583 (39.4) | 163 (35.7) | 645 (45.2) | 383 (36.5) | 47 (30.5) | 345 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Two or more | 761 (18.9) | 156 (34.2) | 284 (19.9) | 135 (12.9) | 10 (6.5) | 176 (18.9) | <0.001 |
a
p-value adjusted for age and gender
b
Defined as major ST depression or T wave inversion by Minnesota ECG classification on the 12-lead ECG
c
Composite of current smoker, BMI > 30 kg/m2, diabetes, prior CVD, hypertension or dyslipidemia
CVD=cardiovascular disease