Table 1.
Participant characteristics by geographic location
| Baseline variable | South America | Asia | Australia and Europe | South Africa | United States | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 163 | 128 | 71 | 46 | 16 | 424 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years; mean, SD) | 30 (7.5) | 34 (9.7) | 40 (11.1) | 39 (10.1) | 40 (10.7) | 34 (10.1) |
| Sex and menopausal status (%) | ||||||
| Men | 87.7 | 71.1 | 87.3 | 21.7 | 50.0 | 74.1 |
| Premenopausal women | 11.7 | 25.8 | 11.3 | 63.0 | 43.8 | 22.6 |
| Postmenopausal women | 0.6 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 15.2 | 6.3 | 3.3 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Black | 9.8 | 0.0 | 9.9 | 93.5 | 62.5 | 17.9 |
| Latino/Hispanic | 60.1 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 37.5 | 25.5 |
| Asian | 0 | 97.7 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | 30.0 |
| White | 20.2 | 1.6 | 77.5 | 0 | 0 | 21.2 |
| Other | 9.8 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 0 | 5.4 |
| Season of recruitment (%) | ||||||
| Summer-Autumn | 51.5 | 44.5 | 43.7 | 43.5 | 43.8 | 46.9 |
| Winter-Spring | 48.5 | 55.5 | 56.3 | 56.5 | 56.3 | 53.1 |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||
| never smoked | 73.6 | 68.8 | 56.3 | 82.6 | 31.3 | 68.6 |
| ex-smoker | 12.9 | 8.6 | 14.1 | 6.5 | 25.0 | 11.6 |
| current smoker | 13.5 | 22.7 | 29.6 | 10.9 | 43.8 | 19.8 |
| Alcohol usea (%) | 2.5 | 5.1 | 10.4 | 0 | 0 | 4.2 |
| Current recreational drug useb (%) | 6.1 | 6.1 | 12.3 | 0 | 13.3 | 6.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 1.9 |
| Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis or hepatic steatosis | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 0.5 |
| Weight (kg; mean, SD) | 71.4 (12.5) | 62.1 (9.8) | 77.1 (14.3) | 78.4 (19.0) | 79.4 (18.2) | 70.6 (14.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2; mean, SD) | 24.8 (3.8) | 22.5 (3.6) | 25.4 (4.7) | 29.8 (6.0) | 28.7 (7.0) | 24.9 (4.9) |
| Menopause (% of females) | 5.0 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 19.4 | 12.5 | 12.7 |
| Hepatitis B (%) | 2.5 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 0 | 3.3 |
| Hepatitis C (%) | 1.8 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 25.0 | 3.3 |
| Previous fracture (%) | ||||||
| Any | 6.1 | 3.1 | 23.9 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 8.3 |
| Fragility fracturec | 3.1 | 1.6 | 9.9 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 |
| Current Medication Use | ||||||
| Corticosteroids (%) | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Calcium supplements (%) | 2.5 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 37.5 | 4.5 |
| Vitamin D3 (%) | 2.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 43.8 | 5.4 |
| Proton pump inhibitors (%) | 1.2 | 0 | 7.0 | 2.2 | 0 | 1.9 |
| Hormone replacement therapy (%) | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 6.3 | 0.5 |
| NSAID (%) | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 6.5 | 18.8 | 1.9 |
| HIV-related | ||||||
| Mode of HIV infection (%) | ||||||
| injection drug use | 0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0 | 12.5 | 0.9 |
| same sex contact | 82.2 | 50.0 | 80.3 | 0 | 37.5 | 61.6 |
| opposite sex contact | 16.6 | 39.8 | 14.1 | 87.0 | 50.0 | 32.1 |
| Other | 1.2 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 13.0 | 0 | 5.4 |
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years; mean, SD) | 0.9 (1.1) | 2.6 (3.6) | 2.2 (2.6) | 3.7 (3.3) | 8.9 (8.8) | 2.2 (3.5) |
| CD4 count (cells/μ,L; mean, SD) | ||||||
| Current | 682 (152) | 667 (134) | 727 (163) | 692 (156) | 724(205) | 688 (152) |
| Nadir | 582 (122) | 588 (142) | 578 (159) | 599 (149) | 576 (175) | 585 (139) |
| CD8 count (cells/μL; mean, SD) | 1135 (543) | 1196 (491) | 1271 (628) | 1036 (393) | 1227 (802) | 1169 (543) |
| HIV viral load (log10 copies/mL plasma; mean, SD) | ||||||
| Current | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.0 (0.8) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.0) | 4.1 (0.9) |
| highest ever | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.9 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) |
| HIV viral load >100,000 copies/mL plasma (%) | 14.7 | 17.6 | 12.7 | 15.2 | 0 | 14.7 |
| Laboratory Test | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL; mean, SD) | 14.8 (1.3) | 14.1 (1.4) | 14.6 (1.4) | 13.2 (1.7) | 12.6 (1.6) | 14.3 (1.5) |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L; mean, SD) | 84 (22) | 104 (102) | 81 (36) | 68 (19) | 87 (23) | 88 (61) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL; mean, SD) | 166.6 (35.0) | 187.9 (34.1) | 181.3 (43.9) | 155.5 (39.5) | 166.7 (32.5) | 174.3 (38.3) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL; mean, SD) | 105.3 (30.7) | 117.9 (31.3) | 111.5 (32.7) | 95.5 (32.2) | 95.9 (33.9) | 108.7 (32.2) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL; mean, SD) | 37.9 (9.9) | 45.7 (12.3) | 44.7 (14.8) | 44.4 (12.3) | 47.5 (9.1) | 42.5 (12.3) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL; mean, SD) | 119.4 (82.6) | 126.5 (100.6) | 128.3 (83.6) | 77.3 (33.3) | 117.5 (85.7) | 118.4 (86.0) |
| eGFR (mean, SD) | 110(24) | 105 (20) | 102 (21) | 138 (29) | 107 (18) | 110 (25) |
| Proteinuria (%) | ||||||
| Negative | 92.0 | 84.4 | 81.7 | 91.3 | 50.0 | 86.3 |
| Trace | 3.7 | 8.6 | 15.5 | 0.0 | 31.3 | 7.8 |
| 1+ or higher | 4.3 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 8.7 | 18.8 | 5.9 |
a
Consumes alcohol 4-7 days a week with at least 2 drinks per day
b
Using at least once in the past month
c
Fragility fracture defined as fracture occurring following a fall from standing height or equivalent. All fractures occurred after the age of 18 years
Abbreviations NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.