Table 1. Clinical trials in multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia patients with CAM as cancer treatment.
| Year | Cancer type | CAM combined with | Number of patients | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | MM | Antimyeloma agents including steroids, pamidronate | 30 (23 evaluable) | 26% CR 30% PR 26% SD 17% mixed |
[28] |
| 1999 | MM | No other drugs (bisphosphonate allowed) | 23 (20 evaluable) | 0% OR 50% SD 50% PD |
[31] |
| 1999 | MM | No other drugs | 35 | 0% OR 80% PD |
[32] |
| 2001 | MM | Steroids +/- thalidomide | 11 | 73% OR 9% SD 18% PD |
[33] |
| 2001 | MM | Pamidronate | 20 (15 evaluable) | M protein production: - Decreased: one patient - Unsustained reduction: six patients - Stable: six patients - Rose: six patients |
[30] |
| 2002 | MM or WM | Dexamethasone and thalidomide (low dose) | 50 evaluable | 13% CR 40% near CR 13% major response 27% PR |
[34] |
| 2002 | MM | Pamidronate in 23 patients Dexamethasone in 10 patients |
51 (38 evaluable) | 13% reduction of M-component OR: one patient Minor response: two patients 87% no response or PD |
[29] |
| 2003 | WM | Dexamethasone and thalidomide (low-dose) | 12 | 25% PR 17% Monoclonal protein reduction >25% |
[35] |
| 2003 | WM | Dexamethasone, thalidomide (low-dose), omeprazole and enteric-coated aspirin | 12 | 25% near CR 25% major response 33% PR 17% minor response |
[36] |
| 2003 | MM, stage II and III | Dexamethasone and thalidomide (low-dose) | 9 | Median drop in the paraprotein level was - Before CAM 26% at week 8 - After CAM (started at week 8) 52% at week 16 55% at week 20 |
[37] |
| 2008 | MM | Dexamethasone, lenalidomide, aspirin, omeprazole and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 72 (69 evaluable) | 39% CR (of which 31% stringent CR) 14% near CR 21% very good PR 17% PR 6% minor response Outcomes were compared to matched controls in 2010 with the following results: CR or very good PR: 74% versus 33% Median TTP: 48.3 versus 27.5 months Median PFS 48.3 versus 27.5 months Outcomes were updated in a 2013 paper: 43% CR (of which 31% sCR) 25% very good PR 25% PR |
[40, 41, 44, 93] |
| 2008 | MM (relapsed and refractory) | Dexamethasone (low dose), thalidomide (low-dose or dose escalation) and biphosponates (pamidronate or zoledronate) | 30 (28 evaluable) | 18% CR 39% good PR 32% PR 7% Minimal response 4% SD |
[38] |
| 2014 | MM | Dexamethasone, lenalidomide and thalidomide (T-BiRd regimen) | 26 (25 evaluable) | 8% stringent CR 36% VGPR 36% PR 20% SD |
[47] |
Abbreviations: MM = multiple myeloma; WM = Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia; CR = complete response; pCR = complete pathologic remission; PR = partial response; OR = objective response; SD = Stable disease; PD = progressive disease; TTP = Time-to-progression; PFS = progression-free survival; = CAM as monotherapy; > = higher; ASIP = atypical serum immunofixation patterns, VGPR = very good partial response, sCR = strigent complete response.