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. 2015 Feb 21;15:42. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0471-x

Table 3.

Referrals, interventions and birth outcomes in women in primary care, by intrapartum referral rates in practices

Rate of intrapartum referrals among nulliparous women in midwifery practices (tertiles)
T1 (low) T2 T3 (high) total χ 2 p-value
Nulliparous women n = 35,180 n = 40,021 n = 37,605 n = 112,806
Referral type % % % %
  No dp referral 51.9 42.8 35.2 43.1
  Non urgent 1st stage 33.6 42.1 48.0 41.4
  Non urgent 2nd stage 7.5 8.9 9.5 8.7
  Non urgent, stage unclear 4.3 3.1 3.5 3.6
  Urgent 2.7 3.1 3.8 3.2
Obstetric intervention during labour #
  None 65.4 58.4 51.7 58.4 <.001
  Pain relief (no epidural) 12.6 15.7 15.8 14.8
  Epidural (1st stage) 11.7 14.0 19.3 15.1
  Augmentation 28.6 34.2 39.8 34.3
Mode of birth <.001
  Spontaneous vaginal 77.3 73.5 72.0 74.2
  Instrumental vaginal 15.3 18.0 18.8 17.4
  Caesarean section 7.3 8.6 9.2 8.4
Morbidity
  PPH > 1000 cc 5.3 5.6 6.2 5.7 <.001
  Apgar score (5 min) < 7 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 .019
  Apgar score (5 min) < 4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 .030
Multiparous women n = 41,273 n = 46,158 n = 42,708 n = 130,139
Referral type % % % %
  No dp referral 82.2 78.8 74.3 78.4
  Non urgent 1st stage 13.5 16.6 20.5 16.9
  Non urgent 2nd stage 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.6
  Non urgent, stage unclear 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.0
  Urgent 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.1
Obstetric intervention during labour #
  None 90.7 89.3 86.4 88.8 <.001
  Pain relief (no epidural) 3.6 4.4 5.4 4.5
  Epidural (1st stage) 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.7
  Augmentation 7.3 8.2 10.2 8.6
Mode of birth .234
  Spontaneous vaginal 97.3 97.2 97.2 97.2
  Instrumental vaginal 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6
  Caesarean section 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2
Morbidity
  PPH > 1000 cc 3.3 3.5 3.9 3.6 <.001
  Apgar score (5 min) < 7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 .390
  Apgar score (5 min) < 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .311

Missing values: parity 20, referral type 1; obst. interventions 5; Mode of birth 1,294; PPH 2,374; Apgar score 98.

#sums up to >100%, more than one intervention possible.