Effects of local application of CCh on a pacemaker and a nonpacemaker inspiratory neuron. A: firing behavior of pacemaker (current clamp at −15 pA) and nonpacemaker neuron (current clamp at −40 pA). B: 250-ms local application of 2 mM carbachol (CCh, ↓) induced inward currents in both neuron (voltage clamp at −60 mV; bath solution contained 0.5 μM TTX). C: selected traces of whole cell current under voltage clamp step pulses (200 ms) from a holding potential of −65 mV to −110 (trace 1), −40 (trace 2), and −10 mV (trace 3) for the pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons: i, Control; ii, during CCh application; iii, subtraction of control from CCh trace. D: I-V relations of CCh-induced responses in pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons obtained by subtraction of the steady-state current of control I-V curve from that during CCh application.