Table 3.
Effect of supplementation on functional measures of muscle damage and fatigue following eccentric exercise
| Variables/ Groups | Pre- supplementation | Post-supplementation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Baseline) | Before muscle damaging exercise | 24 h after muscle damaging exercise | 48 h after muscle damaging exercise | 72 h after muscle damaging exercise | 96 h after muscle damaging exercise | |
| DOMS (arbitrary units) | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 4.9 ± 2.7¥,# | 4.6 ± 2.2¥ | 2.7 ± 1.7# | 1.8 ± 1.6# |
| Placebo | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 2.1¥, # | 4.8 ± 1.8¥ | 3.9 ± 1.8¥,# | 3.0 ± 2.2¥,# |
| p-value* | 0.700 | 0.563 | 0.847 | 0.441 | 0.029* | 0.037* |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (% Δ from baseline) | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | - | −0.08 ± 0.32% | −0.13 ± 0.26% | −0.12 ± 0.28% | −0.07 ± 0.34% | −0.01 ± 0.34% |
| Placebo | - | −0.03 ± 0.35% | −0.15 ± 0.27%# | −0.10 ± 0.39% | −0.07 ± 0.41% | 0.01 ± 0.50% |
| p-value* | - | 0.643 | 0.844 | 0.824 | 0.978 | 0.896 |
| Knee Flexion Range of Motion (degrees) | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | 47.5 ± 6.1 | 46.7 ± 5.0 | 47.4 ± 5.2 | 44.6 ± 5.9# | 45.7 ± 5.4 | 46.7 ± 4.4 |
| Placebo | 45.8 ± 8.4 | 46.9 ± 9.8 | 47.3 ± 9.0 | 43.4 ± 7.1# | 44.9 ± 8.5 | 41.8 ± 5.3¥ |
| p-value* | 0.476 | 0.939 | 0.980 | 0.628 | 0.760 | 0.007* |
| Thigh Girth (swelling) (% Δ from baseline) | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | - | 0.01 ± 0.02% | 0.02 ± 0.02% | 0.01 ± 0.02% | 0.01 ± 0.02% | 0.02 ± 0.04% |
| Placebo | - | 0.00 ± 0.02% | 0.02 ± 0.02% | 0.01 ± 0.02% | 0.02 ± 0.02% | 0.02 ± 0.06% |
| p-value* | - | 0.631 | 0.970 | 0.953 | 0.582 | 0.971 |
| Maximum Voluntary Isometric torque (Strength) (Nm) | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | 72.8 ± 22.2 | 82.1 ± 19.7# | 76.2 ± 19.8# | 78.7 ± 21.5 | 79.9 ± 20.2 | 84.6 ± 22.4¥,# |
| Placebo | 75.4 ± 19.3 | 82.1 ± 22.4# | 74.9 ± 19.4# | 74.6 ± 22.5 | 76.2 ± 20.8 | 83.9 ± 14.4 |
| p-value* | 0.721 | 0.843 | 0.987 | 0.569 | 0.608 | 0.872 |
| %ΔQtw,pot | ||||||
| Green-lipped mussel oil blend | −27.8 ± 26.2 | - | −30.4 ± 14.3 | - | - | - |
| Placebo | −23.9 ± 24.0 | - | −39.5 ± 24.3¥ | - | - | - |
| p-value* | 0.669 | - | 0.039 | - | - | - |
*, p-value between groups at distinct time points (p < 0.05 denotes statistical significance between groups; p > 0.05 denotes no statistical significance between groups); ¥, significantly different (p < 0.05) to pre- supplementation (baseline) within group; #, significantly different (p < 0.05) from previous time point within group. Pressure pain threshold and thigh girth (swelling) are expressed as % change (Δ) from the pre- supplementation (baseline) value within group, since baseline values were significantly different (p < 0.05) between groups. DOMS, delayed onset muscle soreness; % ΔQtw,pot, % change in potentiated quadriceps twitch force from pre- to post-exercise (cycling time trial). Values expressed as mean ± SD.