Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Characteristic | Value | Range |
|---|---|---|
| General | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD)a | 10.6 (3.9) | 5 to 18 |
| Sex, n (%) male | 28 (56) | N/A |
| Type of DS, n (%) | N/A | |
| Trisomy 21/Translocation/Mosaic | 44 (88)/5 (10)/1 (2) | |
| Any type of medication, n (%) | 23 (46) | N/A |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 131.9 (18.6) | 96.0 to 164.5 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 39.6 (18.4) | 16.3 to 85.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | ||
| Overall | 21.5 (5.3) | 13.8 to 34.9 |
| Males | 21.1 (4.9) | 14.7 to 33.8 |
| Females | 22.1 (5.8) | 13.8 to 34.9 |
| Foot structure | ||
| Arch Index, mean (SD) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.01 to 0.39 |
| Foot posture, n (%)b | ||
| Flat/typical/high arch | 38 (76)/6 (12)/6 (12) | |
| Hallux valgus, n (%) | 5 (10) | N/A |
| Lesser toe deformity, n (%) | 6 (12) | N/A |
| Footwear fitc | ||
| Length (%) | 9.0 (7.5) | −14.3 to 23.3 |
| Width (%) | −4.5 (10.0) | −26.5 to 13.6 |
| OxAFQ-C domain scores, mean (SD) | ||
| Physicald (%) | 72.8 (21.4) | 33.3 to 100.0 |
| School and playd (%) | 84.9 (18.1) | 31.3 to 100.0 |
| Emotionald (%) | 92.9 (13.8) | 43.8 to 100.0 |
| Footwear (%) | 67.5 (3.9) | 0.0 to 100.0 |
aSD: Standard deviation.
bBased on the Arch Index, foot postures were classified as follows: Arch Index ≥ 0.26 (flat), 0.22 < Arch Index < 0.26 (typical), Arch Index ≤ 0.21 (high arch) [19].
cPercentage difference between shoe and foot dimensions. Positive values indicate shoe dimension greater than foot dimension. Measurements were based on n = 48 due to missing data.
dParent-reported Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for Children (OxAFQ-C) domain scores were based on n = 49 due to missing data.