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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Stroke. 2015 Feb 5;46(3):915–920. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005604

Table 2.

Biomarkers associated with cause of ischemic stroke.

Biomarker Cause of Stroke Description of Biomarker
BNP21, 22 Cardioembolic Vasoactive peptide hormone
Von Willebrand factor23, 24 Cardioembolic Glycoprotein
Interleukin-625, 26 Cardioembolic, Lacunar Inflammatory cytokine
TNF-α25 Cardioembolic, Lacunar Inflammatory cytokine
D-Dimer18, 27–29 Cardioembolic, Large vessel Fibrin degradation product
C-reactive protein30, 31 Cardioembolic, Large vessel, Lacunar Acute phase protein
ICAM-132–34 Lacunar, Large vessel Adhesion molecule
sRAGE18 Lacunar, Large vessel Transmembrane Receptor
Fibrinogen31, 35 Large vessel Glycoprotein
P-Selectin36 Large vessel Cell Adhesion Molecule
Adiponectin37 Large vessel Adipose tissue hormone
Thrombomodulin34 Lacunar Thrombin cofactor
RNA Panel19, 20, 38 Cardioembolic, Large vessel, Lacunar Nucleic Acid

Abbreviations: BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; ICAM-1; Intracellular adhesion molecule-1; RNA, ribonucleic acid; sRAGE, soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.