MPOA suppression of ERS1 significantly reduced maternal behaviors but not maternal aggression in lactating mice. (A) Pup care. (B) Latency to pup retrieval. (C) Aggressive behaviors toward male intruder. Values represent mean ± SEM. *P <0.05, ** P<0.01. Taken from Ribeiro, A.C., Musatov, S., Shteyler, A., Simanduyev, S., Arrieta-Cruz, I., Ogawa, S., Pfaff, D.W., 2012. siRNA silencing of estrogen receptor expression specifically in the medial preoptic area neurons abolishes maternal care in female mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109, 16324–16329, with permission.