Fig. 1. The effects of various fractions of Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) extract on insulin mRNA expression in INS-1 cells under normal and hyperglycemic (exposure to high glucose [HG] for 3 days) conditions. The cells were treated with each OS extract (200 µM) for 12 hours. Bars represent the mean±standard error of three separate experiments. BuOH, n-butanol; EtOAc, ethylacetate. ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01, and ^cP<0.001 versus the untreated cells under normal conditions, ^dP<0.05, ^eP<0.01, and ^fP<0.001 versus the untreated HG control.