Table 1.
Reported prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected subjects n (%)
| Ref. | Country |
OBI prevalence |
|||
| Overall | Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg+ | Anti-HBsAg+/anti-HBcAg+ | Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg- | ||
| Alvarez-Muñoz et al[17] | Mexico | 24 (49.0) | 5 (10.2) | 8 (16.3) | 11 (22.4) |
| Araujo et al[18] | Brazil | 6 (14.0) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (10.2) | ND |
| Attia et al[45] | Africa | 40 (21.3) | 40 (21.3) | ND | ND |
| Azadmanesh et al[46] | Iran | 3 (13.6) | 2 (9.1) | ND | 1 (4.5) |
| Bagaglio et al[47] | Italy | 9 (31.0) | 9 (31.0) | ND | ND |
| Bell et al[48] | Africa | 45 (15.1) | 16 (5.4) | 17 (5.7) | 12 (4.0) |
| Bloquel et al[38] | France | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | ND | 1 (0.3) |
| Chadwick et al[49] | England | 15 (4.5) | 5 (1.5) | 101 (3.0) | ND |
| Coffin et al[50] | Canada | 19 (42.0) | ND | 19 (42.2) | ND |
| Dapena et al[51] | Spain | 6 (2.4) | 2 (0.8) | 4 (1.6) | ND |
| Filippini et al[13] | Italy | 17 (20.0) | 11 (12.8) | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.5) |
| Firnhaber et al[23] | Africa | 38 (88.4) | 38 (88.4) | ND | ND |
| Gupta et al[30] | India | 24 (45.3) | 13 (24.5) | 11 (20.8) | ND |
| Hakeem et al[52] | Scotland | 2 (2.8) | 2( 2.9) | ND | ND |
| Jardim et al[19] | Brazil | 8 (5.0) | 2 (1.3) | 6 (3.8) | ND |
| Khamduang et al[35] | Thailand | 47 (23.5) | 47 (23.5) | ND | ND |
| Liang et al[53] | Taiwan | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | ND | ND |
| Lo Re et al[54] | United States | 17 (10.0) | 10 (5.6) | 7 (3.9) | ND |
| Loustaud-Ratti et al[55] | France | 31 (44.3) | 20 (28.6) | 11 (15.7) | ND |
| Morsica et al[56] | Italy | 27 (15.4) | 9 (5.1) | 18 (10.3) | ND |
| Mphahlele et al[57] | Africa | 31 (18.6)2 | 5 (3.0) | 26 (15.6) | ND |
| N’Dri-Yoman et al[24] | Africa | 51 (10.0) | 51 (11.8) | ND | ND |
| Neau et al[58] | France | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | ND | ND |
| Nebbia et al[59] | England | 48 (14.0) | 48 (14.0) | ND | ND |
| Opaleye et al[25] | Nigeria | 21 (11.2) | 8 (4.3) | 9 (4.8) | 2 (1.1) |
| Panigrahi et al[26] | India | 12 (10.7) | 9 (8.0) | 3 (2.7) | ND |
| Santos et al[20] | Brazil | 16 (15.8)2 | 4 (4.0) | 12 (11.9) | ND |
| Sen et al[27] | India | 1 (5.6)2 | 1 (5.6) | ND | ND |
| Shire et al[60] | United States | 4 (10.5) | 4 (10.5) | ND | ND |
| Shire et al[61] | United States | 12 (30.2) | 3 (7.0) | 51 (11.6) | 5 (11.6) |
| Sucupira et al[21] | Brazil | 6 (18.8)2 | 3 (9.4) | 3 (9.4) | ND |
| Torres Barranda et al[22] | Mexico | 7 (18.4) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 5 (13.2) |
| Tramuto et al[62] | Italy | 24 (5.9) | 8 (2.0) | 71 (1.7) | 9 (2.2) |
| Tsui et al[63] | United States | 8 (2.0) | 8 (2.0) | ND | ND |
1
In some studies the anti-HBsAg positive group was also included;
2
Prevalence calculated using the reported data; anti-HBsAg+, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen positive; anti-HBcAg+ antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen positive. Prevalence (%) were included for each group of patients studied according the HBV serological markers (Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg+/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg-). ND: Not determined because this group was not included in the study; OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; anti-HBsAg: Anti-hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBcAg: Anti-hepatitis B core antigen.