Table 1.
Characteristics of enrolled patients at baseline.
| Characteristic | Total recruited (n=84) |
||
| Demographics | |||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD) |
|
48.2 (8.5) |
|
|
Gender, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Male | 43 (51) |
|
|
|
Female | 41 (49) |
|
|
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Chinese | 45 (54) |
|
|
|
Malay | 23 (27) |
|
|
|
Indian | 10 (12) |
|
|
|
Others | 6 (7) |
|
|
Marital status, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Single | 10 (12) |
|
|
|
Married | 70 (83) |
|
|
|
Divorced / Separated | 4 (5) |
|
|
Occupational status, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Retired | 6 (7) |
|
|
|
Homemaker | 7 (8) |
|
|
|
Unemployed | 1 (1) |
|
|
|
Employed | 70 (83) |
|
|
Educational level, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Secondary and below | 39 (46) |
|
|
|
Post-secondary (‘A’ levels, technical) | 10 (12) |
|
|
|
Diploma | 18 (21) |
|
|
|
Degree and above | 17 (20) |
| Clinical variables, mean (SD) | |||
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
|
29.1 (6.1) |
|
|
Height (cm) |
|
163.7 (8.7) |
|
|
Weight (kg) |
|
78.3 (18.9) |
|
|
Blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | ||
|
|
|
Systolic | 130.5 (18.5) |
|
|
|
Diastolic | 77.6 (10.9) |
| Diabetes-related variables, n (%) | |||
|
|
Time of diagnosis | ||
|
|
|
New (less than 1 year) | 66 (79) |
|
|
|
Long-term (more than 1 year) | 18 (21) |
|
|
Diabetes treatment | ||
|
|
|
Diet only | 26 (31) |
|
|
|
On 1 diabetes medicine (without insulin) | 35 (42) |
|
|
|
On 2 diabetes medicines (without insulin) | 16 (19) |
|
|
|
On insulin | 7 (8) |
| Social lifestyle | |||
|
|
Healthy diet score (0-9), mean (SD) |
|
4.8 (1.9) |
|
|
Smoking status, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
No | 63 (75) |
|
|
|
Ex-smoker | 8 (10) |
|
|
|
Yes | 13 (15) |
|
|
Drinking status, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
Non-drinkers | 53 (63) |
|
|
|
Used to drink | 5 (6) |
|
|
|
Regular/social drinkers | 26 (31) |
|
|
Exercise frequency, n (%) | ||
|
|
|
None in the past year | 21 (25) |
|
|
|
Few times per year | 13 (15) |
|
|
|
1-3 times per month | 6 (7) |
|
|
|
Once per week | 18 (21) |
|
|
|
2-3 times per week | 18 (21) |
|
|
|
Daily | 8 (10) |
| Smartphone characteristics, n (%) | |||
|
|
Smartphone operating system | ||
|
|
|
Apple | 25 (30) |
|
|
|
Android | 59 (70) |
|
|
Smartphone usage | ||
|
|
|
More than 5 times /day | 73 (87) |
|
|
|
Less than 5 times /day | 11 (13) |
|
|
Apps usage | ||
|
|
|
More than 5 times /day | 64 (76) |
|
|
|
Less than 5 times /day | 20 (24) |
|
|
|
iDATausefulness score (0-9), mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.5) |
| Motivation and self-efficacy scales, mean (SD) | |||
|
|
Diet motivation score (0-9) |
|
7.3 (1.5) |
|
|
Exercise motivation score (0-9) |
|
6.7 (1.5) |
|
|
DES-SFb(1-5) |
|
4.1 (0.5) |
aiDAT: interactive Diet and Activity Tracker
bDES-SF: Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form