Table 1.
Results From Bivariate Logistic Regression Predicting Current Menthol Smoking From Demographic, Tobacco, and Clinical Characteristics Among Smokers With Serious Mental Illness
| All N = 1,042 | Menthol smokers (n = 595) | Non-menthol smokers (n = 447) | OR a (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 52.4 | 50.5 | 55.0 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | .14 |
| Female | 47.6 | 49.5 | 45.0 | Reference | |
| Age | 38.9 (13.4) | 37.6 (13.3) | 40.5 (13.2) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | .0005 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Black | 22.9 | 32.3 | 10.7 | 5.48 (3.81, 7.87) | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 15.0 | 16.8 | 12.5 | 2.46 (1.69, 3.57) | <.0001 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 5.3 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 2.23 (1.26, 3.95) | .006 |
| Multiracial/other | 8.9 | 10.1 | 7.4 | 2.50 (1.58, 3.97) | <.0001 |
| White | 47.9 | 35.0 | 64.7 | Reference | |
| Years of education | 13.5 (2.8) | 13.2 (2.9) | 13.9 (2.6) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | <.0001 |
| Income | |||||
| < $10,000 | 50.7 | 53.9 | 46.4 | 1.43 (1.05, 1.95) | .02 |
| $10,000–$20,999 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 26.2 | 1.13 (0.79, 1.62) | .70 |
| $21,000 or more | 24.4 | 22.2 | 27.4 | Reference | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 56.9 | 58.7 | 54.6 | 1.11 (.78, 1.57) | .25 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 27.4 | 25.8 | 29.4 | 0.91 (.62, 1.34) | .33 |
| Married/live with partner | 15.7 | 15.5 | 16.0 | Reference | |
| Smoking characteristics | |||||
| Usual cigarettes per day | 17.0 (10.7) | 17.0 (11.5) | 17.0 (9.60) | 1.00 (.99, 1.01) | .98 |
| FTND total score | 4.7 (2.2) | 4.76 (2.2) | 4.65 (2.24) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | .43 |
| Smoke ≤ 30min of waking | 78.7 | 80.5 | 76.2 | 1.29 (0.96, 1.74) | .09 |
| Stage of change | |||||
| Precontemplation | 30.1 | 31.1 | 28.9 | 0.99 (0.71, 1.40) | .57 |
| Contemplation | 46.3 | 44.5 | 48.5 | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) | .20 |
| Preparation | 23.6 | 24.4 | 22.6 | Reference | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Primary psychiatric diagnosis | |||||
| Psychotic disorder | 28.4 | 31.1 | 24.8 | 1.62 (1.17, 2.25) | .004 |
| Bipolar disorder | 29.9 | 29.4 | 30.7 | 1.24 (0.90, 1.71) | .18 |
| Other | 13.4 | 14.5 | 12.1 | 1.55 (1.03, 2.34) | .04 |
| Major depression | 28.2 | 25.0 | 32.4 | Reference | |
| CES-D-10 scoreb | 18.1 (7.7) | 17.5 (7.8) | 19.0 (7.5) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | .003 |
| BASIS-24 scoresc | |||||
| Depression functioning | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | .005 |
| Interpersonal relationships | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | .03 |
| Self-harm | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | .46 |
| Emotional lability | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | .30 |
| Psychotic symptoms | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.34) | .0003 |
| Alcohol/drug abuse | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) | .82 |
| Overall summary score | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | .10 |
| SF-12 scoresd | |||||
| Physical component score | 46.9 (12.6) | 46.8 (12.3) | 47.0 (13.0) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | .76 |
| Mental component score | 31.4 (14.2) | 32.8 (14.1) | 29.5 (14.1) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | .0003 |
BASIS-24 = Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale-24; CESD = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; FTND = Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence; SF-12 = Short Form-12.
aOdds ratio (OR) = odds of being a menthol versus non-menthol smoker.
bRange = 0–30; ≥ 11 indicates significant depressive symptoms.
cRange = 0–4; higher scores indicate worse mental health.
dRange = 0–100, national normative value = 50, SD = 10; lower scores indicate worse functioning.