Table 3.
Hazard ratios for 10-year all-cause mortality in 3 different models *
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p-value | HR | (95% CI) | p-value | HR | (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 1.13 | (1.12–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.12 | (1.11–1.14) | <0.001 | |||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||||
| Male | 1.70 | (1.49–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.66 | (1.44–1.91) | <0.001 | |||
| Self-reported diseases | |||||||||
| CVD | 1.34 | (1.17–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.18 | (1.01–1.37) | 0.033 | 1.18 | (1.01–1.37) | 0.035 |
| Asthma | 1.33 | (1.10–1.59) | 0.003 | 1.03 | (0.84–1.25) | 0.81 | 0.92 | (0.74–1.13) | 0.41 |
| COPD | 1.75 | (1.42–2.16) | <0.001 | 1.29 | (1.02–1.64) | 0.036 | 1.13 | (0.88–1.44) | 0.35 |
| Diabetes | 2.08 | (1.67–2.59) | <0.001 | 2.09 | (1.66–2.63) | <0.001 | 1.88 | (1.48–2.40) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.20 | (1.05–1.36) | 0.006 | 1.24 | (1.08–1.43) | 0.003 | 1.24 | (1.07–1.43) | 0.004 |
| Smoking history | |||||||||
| Never | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||
| Former | 1.29 | (1.10–1.52) | 0.002 | 1.24 | (1.05–1.46) | 0.010 | 1.16 | (0.98–1.38) | 0.082 |
| Current | 2.11 | (1.78–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.89 | (1.58–2.26) | <0.001 | 1.68 | (1.39–2.03) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported symptoms | |||||||||
| Dyspnoea€ | |||||||||
| 0 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||
| 1 | 1.19 | (1.05–1.36) | 0.007 | 1.06 | (0.92–1.22) | 0.42 | 1.02 | (0.89–1.18) | 0.76 |
| ≥2 | 1.71 | (1.40–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.32 | (1.06–1.64) | 0.015 | 1.15 | (0.92–1.46) | 0.23 |
| Chronic cough with sputum | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.71 | (1.42–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.28 | (1.04–1.57) | 0.018 | 1.25 | (1.01–1.54) | 0.042 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| <18.5 | 2.08 | (1.35–3.20) | 0.001 | 1.99 | (1.27–3.11) | 0.003 | 1.76 | (1.08–2.84) | 0.022 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.85 | (0.74–0.97) | 0.018 | 0.82 | (0.71–0.95) | 0.008 | 0.84 | (0.73–0.98) | 0.024 |
| ≥30.0 | 0.80 | (0.68–0.96) | 0.015 | 0.68 | (0.56–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.71 | (0.58–0.87) | 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | |||||||||
| <5 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||
| ≥5 | 1.57 | (1.35–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.39 | (1.19–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.16–1.60) | <0.001 |
| FEV1% predicted | |||||||||
| <50 | 3.07 | (2.46–3.81) | <0.001 | 1.99 | (1.51–2.61) | <0.001 | |||
| 50–80 | 1.54 | (1.35–1.76) | <0.001 | 1.29 | (1.11–1.49) | 0.001 | |||
| ≥80 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||||
| FEV1/FVC% | |||||||||
| <0.7 | 1.69 | (1.49–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.11 | (0.95–1.31) | 0.20 | |||
| ≥0.7 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||||
| SpO2 (%) | |||||||||
| ≤92 | 1.99 | (1.33–2.96) | 0.001 | 1.73 | (1.15–2.60) | 0.008 | 1.42 | (0.92–2.18) | 0.11 |
| 93–95 | 1.36 | (1.15–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.27 | (1.06–1.51) | 0.009 | 1.13 | (0.94–1.36) | 0.19 |
| ≥96 | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | |||
*Adjusted for age and sex in Model 1 and for all listed variables in the other two models.
€Dyspnoea: 0, no dyspnoea, 1, dyspnoea while walking rapidly on level ground or up a moderate slope, ≥2, dyspnoea while walking slowly on level ground, washing or dressing, or at rest.
Definition of abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; SpO2, arterial oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry.