Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristic |
All Participants |
Enhanced Usual
Care |
Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 330) | (n = 165) | (n = 165) | |
| Age, mean (SD), yr | 47.6 (12.4) | 47.7 (12.1) | 47.5 (12.6) |
| Female | 70.6 | 70.9 | 70.3 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 49.7 | 49.7 | 49.7 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 20.0 | 19.4 | 20.6 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 8.2 | 8.5 | 7.9 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 20.3 | 20.6 | 20.0 |
| Education,* n = 327 | |||
| High school graduate or less | 16.2 | 13.5 | 18.9 |
| Some college | 41.6 | 44.2 | 39.0 |
| College graduate or above | 42.2 | 42.3 | 42.1 |
| Employment status,* n = 327 | |||
| Full time | 64.2 | 69.3 | 59.2 |
| Part time | 11.6 | 9.8 | 13.4 |
| Unemployed/retired/disabled | 24.2 | 20.9 | 27.4 |
| Family annual income,* n = 316 | |||
| <$35,000 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 15.5 |
| $35,000 to <$55,000 | 22.5 | 20.7 | 24.2 |
| $55,000 to <$75,000 | 23.4 | 23.2 | 24.2 |
| $75,000 to <$100,000 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 11.8 |
| $100,000+ | 28.8 | 32.9 | 24.8 |
| Current smokers,* n = 329 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 7.3 |
| Former smokers,* n = 329 | 28.9 | 28.1 | 29.7 |
| Pack-years of current or former smokers, mean (SD) | 12.1 (13.4) | 13.9 (15.5) | 10.5 (10.9) |
| Asthma onset age < 12 yr by self-report,* n = 317 | 43.2 | 45.3 | 41.1 |
| Self-reported positive response to aeroallergens as asthma triggers,*,† n = 327 | 90.5 | 91.4 | 89.6 |
| ACQ, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) |
| FEV1, mean (SD), L | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) |
| FVC, mean (SD), L | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) |
| FEV1/FVC, mean (SD), % | 68.1 (11.6) | 67.8 (11.7) | 68.6 (11.5) |
| ACT, mean (SD) | 15.1 (3.8) | 15.3 (3.7) | 14.9 (3.8) |
| MiniAQLQ, overall, mean (SD) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.3 (1.0) |
| MiniAQLQ, symptoms, mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) |
| MiniAQLQ, environment, mean (SD) | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.7 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.5) |
| MiniAQLQ, emotions, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.4) |
| MiniAQLQ, activities, mean (SD) | 5.9 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.1) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 104.2 (19.6) | 104.2 (20.1) | 104.2 (19.1) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 37.5 (5.9) | 37.6 (5.7) | 37.4 (6.0) |
| BMI, obesity category | |||
| Class I obesity (BMI 30 to <35) | 38.5 | 37.6 | 39.4 |
| Class II obesity (BMI 35 to <40) | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 |
| Class III obesity (BMI ≥40) | 27.9 | 29.1 | 26.7 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 117.8 (14.2) | 117.7 (14.5) | 118.0 (13.9) |
| Leisure-time physical activity, mean (SD), MET-min/wk‡ | 874.2 (1,369.5) | 907.1 (1,650.9) | 841.0 (1,012.2) |
| Total energy expenditure, mean (SD), kcal/kg/d§ | 33.7 (2.9) | 34.0 (5.3) | 33.5 (2.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 118.7 (11.8) | 118.9 (11.4) | 118.5 (12.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 73.7 (9.3) | 73.9 (8.9) | 73.4 (9.7) |
Definition of abbreviations: ACQ = Asthma Control Questionnaire; ACT = Asthma Control Test; BMI = body mass index; MET = metabolic equivalent task; MiniAQLQ = Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire.
Data are expressed % unless otherwise indicated. ACQ, range 0–6 with higher scores indicating worse asthma control; ACT, range 5–25 with higher scores indicating better asthma control; mAQLQ, range 1–7 with higher scores indicating less impairment. Differences in baseline characteristics between treatment arms were not significant (P > 0.05).
The denominator is less than the total number (330) of the randomized participants due to missing data.
Aeroallergens included pollen, house dust mites, cats, dogs, cockroaches, and molds.
Physical activity levels were measured by the interview-administered Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall (27). Leisure-time physical activity = non–work-related moderate activity min/wk × 4 METs + hard activity min/wk × 6 METs + very hard activity min/wk × 10 METs. One MET is defined as the energy expenditure for sitting quietly.
The Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall data also provided estimates of total daily energy expenditures. Total energy expenditure = sleep hours × 1 MET + light activity hours × 1.5 METs + moderate activity hours × 4 METs + hard activity hours × 6 METs + very hard activity hours × 10 METs.