Table 2.
Patient characteristics
| Patient Characteristic | Pre-reform Year 2 (Q1 2005–Q4 2005) |
Pre-reform Year 1 (Q1 2006–Q4 2006) |
Post-reform Year 1 (Q2 2007–Q1 2008) |
Post-reform Year 2 (Q2 2008–Q1 2009) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California (N = 91,663) | Control (N = 152,689) | California (N = 81,024) | Control (N = 129,681) | California (N = 94,725) | Control (N = 148,929) | California (N = 95,915) | Control (N = 141,437) | |
| Age, mean ± SD, yr | 77.8 ± 8.0 | 76.9 ± 7.7 | 77.9 ± 8.1 | 76.9 ± 7.8 | 78.0 ± 8.2 | 77.0 ± 7.9 | 78.0 ± 8.2 | 76.9 ± 7.9 |
| Female | 45,916 (50.1) | 77,530 (50.8) | 40,543 (50.0) | 65,614 (50.6) | 47,053 (49.7) | 75,404 (50.6) | 47,360 (49.4) | 71,241 (50.4) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 70,467 (76.9) | 127,071 (83.2) | 62,434 (77.1) | 109,131 (84.2) | 72,262 (76.3) | 124,404 (83.5) | 73,176 (76.3) | 118,638 (83.9) |
| Black | 5,405 (5.9) | 11,826 (7.8) | 4,808 (5.9) | 9,798 (7.6) | 5,966 (6.3) | 11,447 (7.7) | 6,181 (6.4) | 10,686 (7.6) |
| Other | 15,791 (17.2) | 13,792 (9.0) | 13,782 (17.0) | 10,752 (8.3) | 16,497 (17.4) | 13,078 (8.8) | 16,558 (17.3) | 12,113 (8.6) |
| Admission source | ||||||||
| Emergency department | 50,649 (55.3) | 89,356 (58.5) | 46,270 (57.1) | 75,135 (57.9) | 55,169 (58.2) | 89,921 (60.4) | 56,389 (58.8) | 85,906 (60.7) |
| Outside hospital | 2,511 (2.7) | 7,974 (5.2) | 2,356 (2.9) | 6,985 (5.4) | 3,753 (4.0) | 8,126 (5.5) | 4,393 (4.6) | 8,674 (6.1) |
| Skilled nursing facility | 2,314 (2.5) | 1,774 (1.2) | 1,788 (2.2) | 1,296 (1.0) | 2,222 (2.4) | 1,984 (1.3) | 2,259 (2.4) | 2,649 (1.9) |
| Direct | 36,189 (39.5) | 53,585 (35.1) | 30,610 (37.8) | 46,265 (35.7) | 33,581 (35.5) | 48,898 (32.8) | 32,874 (34.3) | 44,208 (31.3) |
| Primary diagnosis | ||||||||
| Cardiac | 28,899 (31.5) | 51,493 (33.7) | 24,136 (29.8) | 42,020 (32.4) | 25,967 (27.4) | 44,166 (29.7) | 26,420 (27.6) | 40,694 (28.8) |
| Gastrointestinal | 7,465 (8.1) | 13,019 (8.5) | 6,652 (8.2) | 11,353 (8.8) | 7,522 (7.9) | 12,418 (8.3) | 7,169 (7.5) | 11,946 (8.5) |
| Neurologic | 10,029 (10.9) | 16,537 (10.8) | 9,491 (11.7) | 15,050 (11.6) | 10,462 (11.0) | 16,570 (11.1) | 11,870 (12.4) | 17,354 (12.3) |
| Oncologic | 6,412 (7.0) | 9,211 (6.0) | 5,613 (6.9) | 8,036 (6.2) | 6,251 (6.6) | 8,441 (5.7) | 6,613 (6.9) | 8,857 (6.3) |
| Respiratory | 12,638 (13.8) | 19,913 (13.0) | 10,273 (12.7) | 15,697 (12.1) | 12,279 (13.0) | 19,415 (13.0) | 11,025 (11.5) | 16,512 (11.7) |
| Trauma | 2,961 (3.2) | 5,293 (3.5) | 3,045 (3.8) | 4,822 (3.7) | 3,702 (3.9) | 5,448 (3.7) | 3,648 (3.8) | 5,451 (3.9) |
| Other | 23,259 (25.4) | 37,223 (24.4) | 21,814 (26.9) | 32,703 (25.2) | 28,542 (30.1) | 42,471 (28.5) | 29,170 (30.4) | 40,624 (28.7) |
| ≥3 Comorbidities | 31,309 (34.2) | 56,075 (36.7) | 29,181 (36.0) | 49,442 (38.1) | 36,419 (38.5) | 61,653 (41.4) | 33,909 (35.4) | 53,870 (38.1) |
| Mechanically ventilated | 16,286 (17.8) | 22,469 (14.7) | 14,586 (18.0) | 18,563 (14.3) | 18,127 (19.1) | 22,436 (15.1) | 17,892 (18.7) | 21,679 (15.3) |
| Discharge location | ||||||||
| Home | 51,219 (55.9) | 91,501 (59.9) | 44,594 (55.0) | 77,308 (59.6) | 49,807 (52.6) | 85,163 (57.2) | 50,444 (52.6) | 80,279 (56.8) |
| Acute care hospital | 3,660 (4.0) | 5,043 (3.3) | 3,046 (3.8) | 3,821 (2.9) | 3,651 (3.9) | 4,232 (2.8) | 4,397 (4.6) | 3,690 (2.6) |
| Post-acute care facility | 22,659 (24.7) | 35,805 (23.5) | 20,390 (25.2) | 31,284 (24.1) | 25,504 (26.9) | 38,476 (25.8) | 25,141 (26.2) | 36,913 (26.1) |
| Hospice | 1,012 (1.1) | 4,466 (2.9) | 1,082 (1.3) | 4,252 (3.3) | 1,590 (1.7) | 5,734 (3.9) | 1,864 (1.9) | 6,120 (4.3) |
| Expired | 13,113 (14.3) | 15,874 (10.4) | 11,912 (14.7) | 13,016 (10.0) | 14,173 (15.0) | 15,324 (10.3) | 14,069 (14.7) | 14,435 (10.2) |
| Unadjusted 30-d mortality | 16,507 (18.0) | 23,813 (15.6) | 15,026 (18.6) | 19,996 (15.4) | 18,321 (19.3) | 24,205 (16.3) | 18,450 (19.2) | 23,165 (16.4) |
Definition of abbreviations: Q1 = quarter 1; Q2 = quarter 2; Q4 = quarter 4.
Results are listed as frequency (%) unless otherwise specified. Not all percentages add to 100 because of rounding.