Table 2.
Univariate associations with at least mild distress and a participant-reported risk of lung cancer greater than 30%
| |
Distress ≥Mild* |
Participant-Reported Risk of Lung Cancer >30% |
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Age (per year) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00)† | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) |
| Sex (male) | 1.39 (0.31–6.18) | 0.83 (0.18–3.93) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Education (≥college) | 1.37 (0.62–3.04) | 0.52 (0.23–1.17) |
| Currently married | 1.01 (0.47–2.18) | 0.81 (0.38–1.76) |
| Income (≥$30k/yr) | 0.72 (0.31–1.63) | 0.81 (0.36–1.85) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| Past | 0.46 (0.17–1.23) | 1.80 (0.65–5.02) |
| Current | 0.43 (0.15–1.26) | 4.79 (1.50–15.27)† |
| Mental health | ||
| Depression (self-reported) | 8.31 (3.44–20.07)† | 1.00 (0.46–2.15) |
| PTSD (self-reported) | 3.26 (1.40–7.54)† | 0.42 (0.18–0.97)† |
| Nodule/imaging characteristics | ||
| Nodule size (in mm) | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59)† |
| Location in upper lobe | 1.14 (0.51–2.55) | 1.41 (0.62–3.20) |
| Symptomatic indication‡ | 3.00 (1.00–9.03)† | 0.80 (0.29–2.19) |
| Detection to visit (per days) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Nodule information processes/satisfaction | ||
| How the participant was informed | ||
| Letter | Ref | Ref |
| Visit | 0.41 (0.14–1.23) | 1.57 (0.62–4.00) |
| Phone | 0.76 (0.30–1.95) | 0.96 (0.36–2.55) |
| Who informed the participant | ||
| Primary care provider | Ref | Ref |
| Research | 1.09 (0.42–2.78) | 0.48 (0.19–1.23) |
| Other | 0.77 (0.31–1.93) | 0.63 (0.23–1.69) |
| How informed about what a nodule is | ||
| Not at all informed | Ref | Ref |
| Somewhat informed | 1.38 (0.57–3.33) | 1.42 (0.59–3.37) |
| Very informed | 0.77 (0.21–2.86) | 0.66 (0.18–2.48) |
| How satisfied with clinician’s explanation | ||
| Not at all satisfied | Ref | Ref |
| Somewhat satisfied | 0.22 (0.02–2.13) | 1.33 (0.11–16.78) |
| Very satisfied | 0.10 (0.01–0.95)† | 0.31 (0.03–3.42) |
| Unknown | 0.06 (0.01–0.68)† | 0.24 (0.02–2.83) |
| Nodule care | ||
| Satisfied w/ care | 0.40 (0.17–0.98)† | 0.91 (0.38–2.20) |
| Care could not be better | 0.26 (0.09–0.78)† | 0.85 (0.33–2.22) |
| Clinician is very skilled/knowledgeable | 1.15 (0.44–3.00) | 4.21 (1.28–13.78)† |
| Participant-reported risk of lung cancer | ||
| ≤30% | Ref | NA |
| >30% | 1.73 (0.74–4.03) | NA |
| Missing | 2.31 (0.71–7.51) | NA |
| Communication processes | ||
| High-quality communication | 0.45 (0.18–1.15) | 0.97 (0.37–2.51) |
| Communication quality (for every 1 point improvement) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.83 (0.67–1.05) |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NA = not applicable; OR = odds ratio; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.
*
Distress measured on Impact of Event Scale with scores ≥8 classified as mild or greater distress.
†
P < 0.05.
‡
Nodules found on a computed tomography (CT) performed for cough or hemoptysis, for example, were categorized as “symptomatic.” If a chest X-ray for cough noted a small nodule and subsequent CT was performed for nodule visualization, not the cough, this was categorized as “asymptomatic.”