Table 2.
Exponentiated coefficients for health care outcomes, children aged birth through 17, United States, 1997–2013
| Barriers to health care | Health care utilization | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reasons for delay e | Routine place for care c | No Rx due to cost c | No dental care due to cost c | No well-child checkup c | Times ER d | |
| Panel A: Reduced model a | ||||||
| Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Cohabiting couple | 1.58*** | 0.67*** | 1.97*** | 1.82*** | 1.22*** | 1.60*** |
| (1.44,1.74) | (0.62,0.73) | (1.72,2.27) | (1.64,2.02) | (1.15,1.30) | (1.52,1.70) | |
| Single mother | 1.76*** | 0.83*** | 2.25*** | 1.86*** | 1.06** | 1.70*** |
| (1.67,1.86) | (0.78,0.88) | (2.07,2.45) | (1.75,1.99) | (1.02,1.10) | (1.63,1.77) | |
| Single father | 0.96 | 0.53*** | 1.38** | 1.27** | 1.43*** | 1.17** |
| (0.82,1.13) | (0.47,0.60) | (1.10,1.73) | (1.10,1.48) | (1.31,1.56) | (1.06,1.28) | |
| Extended married couple | 1.28*** | 0.87* | 1.63*** | 1.40*** | 1.08 | 1.23*** |
| (1.14,1.43) | (0.76,0.98) | (1.35,1.98) | (1.17,1.67) | (0.99,1.17) | (1.13,1.34) | |
| Extended cohabiting couple | 1.78*** | 0.72* | 2.71*** | 2.62*** | 1.30* | 1.83*** |
| (1.33,2.40) | (0.54,0.97) | (1.79,4.12) | (1.81,3.79) | (1.01,1.67) | (1.48,2.27) | |
| Extended single mother | 1.58*** | 0.85** | 2.21*** | 1.38*** | 1.05 | 1.73*** |
| (1.43,1.75) | (0.76,0.95) | (1.91,2.57) | (1.21,1.58) | (0.97,1.13) | (1.62,1.86) | |
| Extended single father | 0.94 | 0.59*** | 1.89*** | 1.46** | 1.23* | 1.44*** |
| (0.72,1.22) | (0.48,0.72) | (1.33,2.70) | (1.10,1.93) | (1.05,1.44) | (1.23,1.67) | |
| Skipped generation | 1.19* | 0.76*** | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.13* | 1.49*** |
| (1.01,1.40) | (0.66,0.88) | (0.76,1.26) | (0.84,1.25) | (1.03,1.26) | (1.33,1.67) | |
| Panel B: Full model b | ||||||
| Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Cohabiting couple | 1.30*** | 0.87*** | 1.33*** | 1.30*** | 1.02 | 1.32*** |
| (1.18,1.43) | (0.80,0.94) | (1.16,1.53) | (1.17,1.45) | (0.96,1.09) | (1.25,1.40) | |
| Single mother | 1.30*** | 1.23*** | 1.23*** | 1.13** | 0.83*** | 1.31*** |
| (1.22,1.38) | (1.15,1.31) | (1.13,1.35) | (1.05,1.21) | (0.79,0.87) | (1.26,1.37) | |
| Single father | 0.84* | 0.68*** | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.18*** | 1.00 |
| (0.71,0.99) | (0.60,0.77) | (0.77,1.23) | (0.81,1.10) | (1.08,1.28) | (0.91,1.11) | |
| Extended married couple | 1.25*** | 0.84** | 1.66*** | 1.41*** | 1.07 | 1.21*** |
| (1.12,1.40) | (0.74,0.96) | (1.37,2.02) | (1.18,1.69) | (0.98,1.17) | (1.11,1.32) | |
| Extended cohabiting couple | 1.62** | 0.83 | 2.23*** | 2.22*** | 1.13 | 1.62*** |
| (1.21,2.16) | (0.61,1.11) | (1.47,3.39) | (1.53,3.22) | (0.88,1.45) | (1.31,2.01) | |
| Extended single mother | 1.35*** | 1.01 | 1.64*** | 1.06 | 0.91* | 1.50*** |
| (1.22,1.50) | (0.90,1.13) | (1.41,1.91) | (0.92,1.22) | (0.84,0.99) | (1.40,1.61) | |
| Extended single father | 0.81 | 0.72** | 1.38 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.24** |
| (0.61,1.08) | (0.59,0.89) | (0.96,1.97) | (0.83,1.46) | (0.87,1.20) | (1.06,1.44) | |
| Skipped generation | 0.90 | 1.09 | 0.62*** | 0.72** | 0.86** | 1.22** |
| (0.76,1.06) | (0.94,1.27) | (0.48,0.81) | (0.59,0.88) | (0.77,0.95) | (1.08,1.37) | |
| N (unweighted) | 198,894 | 198,894 | 198,894 | 174,723 | 198,894 | 198,894 |
*P < 0.05; ** < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (2-tailed tests).
aThe models in Panel A adjust for children’s characteristics.
bThe models in Panel B adjust for family SES in addition to the covariates included in the models in Panel A. The models in Panel B fit better than the respective models in Panel A at the P < 0.001 level in all cases.
cThis column presents odds ratios from a logistic regression model.
dThis column presents odds ratios from an ordered logistic regression model.
eThis column presents incidence rate ratios from a negative binomial regression model.