Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of subjects never highly exposed or only exposed in utero or as children
| Controls
|
Bladder cancer cases
|
Lung cancer cases
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | N | (%) | ORa | (95% CI) | N | (%) | ORa | (95% CI) | |
| Total | 286 | (100) | 90 | (100) | 139 | (100) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 101 | (35.3) | 16 | (17.8) | 40 | (28.8) | ||||
| Male | 185 | (64.7) | 74 | (82.2) | 99 | (72.2) | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| ≥ 60 | 128 | (44.8) | 31 | (34.4) | 61 | (43.9) | ||||
| 50–59 | 112 | (39.2) | 36 | (40.0) | 64 | (46.0) | ||||
| <50 | 46 | (16.1) | 23 | (25.6) | 14 | (10.1) | ||||
| Smoking: daily average | ||||||||||
| Never | 91 | (31.8) | 20 | (22.2) | 1.00 | Ref | 26 | (18.7) | 1.00 | Ref |
| 0–9 cigs/day | 126 | (44.1) | 29 | (32.2) | 1.05 | (0.56–1.97) | 29 | (20.9) | 0.81 | (0.44–1.46) |
| ≥10 cigs/day | 69 | (24.1) | 41 | (45.6) | 2.70 | (1.46–5.02) | 84 | (60.4) | 4.26 | (2.48–7.31) |
| Mining work | ||||||||||
| No | 239 | (83.6) | 73 | (81.1) | 1.00 | Ref | 116 | (83.4) | 1.00 | Ref |
| Yes | 47 | (16.4) | 17 | (18.9) | 1.18 | (0.64–2.19) | 23 | (16.6) | 1.01 | (0.58–1.74) |
| Body-mass index >30 kg/m2b | ||||||||||
| No | 278 | (97.2) | 85 | (94.4) | 1.00 | Ref | 132 | (95.0) | 1.00 | Ref |
| Yes | 8 | (2.8) | 5 | (5.6) | 2.04 | (0.65–6.41) | 7 | (5.0) | 1.84 | (0.65–5.19) |
| Socioeconomic status (tertiles) | ||||||||||
| High | 103 | (36.0) | 38 | (42.2) | 1.00 | Ref | 42 | (30.2) | 1.00 | Ref |
| Medium | 112 | (39.2) | 20 | (22.2) | 0.48 | (0.26–0.89) | 53 | (38.1) | 1.16 | (0.71–1.88) |
| Low | 71 | (24.8) | 32 | (35.6) | 1.22 | (0.70–2.17) | 44 | (31.7) | 1.52 | (0.90–2.56) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | p-values | Mean | (SD) | p-values | |||
|
| ||||||||||
| Drinking water arsenic exposurec | ||||||||||
| Maximum (μg/L) | 207.5 | (294.5) | 506.7 | (387.0) | <0.001 | 431.9 | (384.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Cumulative (mg/L-yr) | 3.48 | (4.12) | 7.45 | (5.56) | <0.001 | 6.91 | (5.58) | <0.001 | ||
| Average (μg/L) | 66.8 | (78.6) | 147.9 | (106.3) | <0.001 | 130.1 | (104.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Drinking water intake (L/day)c | ||||||||||
| Current | 1.66 | (1.00) | 2.01 | (1.28) | 0.003 | 1.87 | (0.88) | 0.002 | ||
| 20 years ago | 1.89 | (1.25) | 2.04 | (1.21) | 0.003 | 1.98 | (0.83) | 0.002 | ||
| Municipal (%)d | 89.6 | (19.4) | 93.6 | (12.3) | 0.32 | 91.1 | (0.17) | 0.89 | ||
| Residencesc | ||||||||||
| Average number | 3.2 | (2.0) | 2.8 | (1.9) | 0.04 | 2.9 | (1.8) | 0.10 | ||
| Average length (years) | 25.8 | (16.3) | 30.2 | (18.4) | 0.12 | 29.1 | (17.6) | 0.09 | ||
| In study area (%)e | 77.7 | (28.6) | 82.0 | (29.3) | 0.32 | 87.0 | (23.5) | 0.89 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; SD, standard deviation.
Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) comparing bladder or lung cancer cases to controls. Odds ratios are not reported for age and sex since subjects were frequency matched on these factors.
Body mass index 20 years before cancer diagnosis (cases) or subject ascertainment (controls).
Means, standard deviations, and p-values comparing bladder or lung cancer cases to controls.
Percent of all drinking water supplied by municipal sources (versus bottled, private well, or other source). Includes sources for residences outside the study area.
Percent total person-time in Regions 1 and 2 in northern Chile.