Table 3. Changes in endocrine parameters due to overfeeding (OF) caloric restriction (CR) and refeeding (RF) (values are means ±SD).

		Baseline (T0)	OF (T1)	CR (T2)	RF (T3)	ΔCR (T2-T0)	ΔRF (T3-T2)
adipokines
leptin (ng/ml)	32	4.07 ±2.96	4.04 ±2.75	2.24 ±1.82	4.03 ±2.58	-1.83 ±2.40 †††	1.79 ±1.47***
leptin/FM	32	0.27 ±0.12	0.26 ±0.10	0.18 ±0.11	0.29 ±0.11	-0.09 ±0.17 †	0.11 ±0.11***
adiponectin (μg/ml)	32	8.16 ±3.20	9.26 ±3.07 ††	4.71 ±1.90	9.70 ±3.23	-3.45 ±2.18 †††	4.99 ±2.89***
leptin/adiponectin	32	0.63 ±0.63	0.54 ±0.58	0.59 ±0.62	0.50 ±0.43	-0.04 ±0.51	-0.10 ±0.39
ghrelin (pg/l)	16	803 ±298	683 ±212	945 ±451	683 ±165	144 ±246	-262 ±356*
ghrelin-iAUC (pg/l per 2h)	16			-208 ±216	-91 ±113		117 ±206*
thyroid hormones
fT3 (ng/l)	32	3.07 ±0.36	3.00 ±0.40	2.80 ±0.40	3.18 ±0.41	-0.27 ±0.42 ††	0.38 ±0.35***
fT4 (ng/l)	32	9.97 ±1.24	9.31 ±1.37 ††	10.42 ±1.17	9.04 ±1.05	0.45 ±1.09	-1.38 ±1.04***
TSH (mU/l)	32	2.07 ±1.06	1.86 ±0.90	1.51 ±0.74	2.21 ±0.94	-0.55 ±0.68 †††	0.70 ±0.46***
catecholamines
epinephrine (IU)	32	4.65 ±2.30	5.25 ±2.71	5.11 ±2.38	5.78 ±2.85	0.46 ±2.35	0.68 ±2.72
norepinephrine (IU)	32	40.5 ±12.3	38.8 ±8.5	26.5 ±7.9	38.2 ±9.9	-13.2 ±10.55 †††	11. 6 ±7.8***

^†p<0.05

^††p<0.01

^†††p<0.001 significantly different from baseline

*p<0.05

**p<0.01

***p<0.001 significantly different from previous period; Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustments

OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; iAUC, incremental area under the curve