TABLE 1.

Review of cervical cancer screening interventions among Hispanic/Latina women in the United States

Study	Location	Description of Participants	Theoretical Foundation	Intervention Development Strategy	Intervention Components	Outcome Evaluation Design	Cervical Cancer Screening Outcomes	Joint Targeting of Breast Cancer Screening
Bastani et al. (2002) [85]	CA	Multiethnic female health department patients; ≥ 18 years old (N=18,642, 57.5% Hispanic)	N.D.	N.D.	System changes to hospital and clinic protocols, physician and patient education, and expanded capacity	Quasi- experimental non- equivalent control group design over 2.5 years	↑ screening (p<0.05) in some clinical settings	No
Batal et al. (2000) [86]	CO	Female urgent care patients; 18– 70 years old (N=197; 52% Hispanic)	N.D.	N.D.	System changes to routinely offer screening to clinic patients needing a pelvic exam	Experimental 2- group randomized trial with pre-test and 6-month follow-up	↑ screening (p<0.01)	No
Burger et al. (1995) [87]	CA	Uninsured women; >18 years old (N=126; 83% Hispanic)	N.D.	N.D.	Educational pamphlet and free screening and excision services offered to clinic patients	Single group with pre-test and immediate post-test	N.D.	No
Byrd et al. (2012) [70]; Byrd et al (2013) [71]	TX; WA	Women of Mexican-origin (N=613)	HBM; TRA; TTM; SCT	CBPR; IM	LHAs led one-on-one educational sessions that included a video only, a flip chart only, or a video and flip chart	Experimental 4- group randomized trial evaluating intervention and specific intervention materials with pre-test and 6- month follow-up	↑ screening in intervention groups (p<0.0001) results in 2 out of 3 sites	No
Davis et al. (1994) [88]	CA	Female parishioners; ≥21 years old (educational sessions: N=943; 35% Hispanic; screening sessions: N=490; 76% Hispanic)	SIT	N.D.	LHAs from participating churches led one-time educational sessions and free screening was conducted at church	Baseline assessment of screening history with tracking of follow-up screening rates	98% of Hispanic women identified for screening and an additional 94 Hispanic women presented for screening	No
Dietrich et al. (2006) [89]	NY	Low-income and minority female health center patients; 50–69 years old (N=1413; 63% Spanish primary language)	N.D.	N.D.	Clinic staff conducted outreach using repeated phone calls over an 18-month period	Experimental 2- group randomized trial with pre-test and 3-month follow-up	↑ screening (p<0.001)	Yes
Duggan et al. (2012) [72]	WA	Hispanic female health center patients; 21–64 years old (N=600)	SCT	Intervention video from Byrd et al. (2012) [70]; Byrd et al. (2013) [71]	LHAs led one-time one- on-one educational sessions using a video and helped participants schedule screening or participants were shown a video only	Experimental parallel randomized trial evaluating LHA intervention and video only	Outcome data not available	No
Fernández et al. (2005) [54]; Fernández et al. (2009) [11]	CA; TX; NM	Hispanic farmworker women; ≥ 50 years old (N=497)	N.D.	CBPR; IM	LHAs led one-time one-on-one educational sessions and made follow-up phone calls with participants	Quasi- experimental with intervention and comparison communities and with pre-test and 6-month follow-up	↑ screening (p<0.05)	Yes
Fernández- Esquer et al. (2003) [51]; Ramirez et al. (1995) [52]; McAlister et al. (1995) [53]	TX	Mexican American women; ≥ 18 years old (N=1804)	SLT; DOI; HBM; TRA	N.D.	LHAs served as role models in mass media campaign messages and distributed intervention materials	Quasi- experimental with intervention and comparison communities and with pre-test, 24- month follow-up, and 36-month follow-up	↑ screening among women <40 years old who had previously not adhered to screening recommendations (p<0.05)	Yes
Frank- Stromborg et al. (1998) [55]	IL	Rural Latina women (N=81)	N.D.	Intervention model from Navarro et al. (1998) [63]	LHAs promoted 5-day program that included educational sessions, free transportation, screening, translation, and childcare	Single group with pre-test and immediate post- test	N.D.	Yes
Hansen et al. (2005) [56]	TX	Hispanic women; >18 years old (N=141)	N.D.	N.D.	Cancer survivor LHAs promoted screening within social networks	Tracking screenings over 13 months	43 out of 141 women contacted by the LHAs received screening	Yes
Hunter et al. (2004) [84]	AZ	Uninsured Hispanic women ≥40 years old (N=101)	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs conducted home visits to follow-up with patients who had received screening postcard reminding them to schedule their next annual screening or patients received reminder postcard only	Experimental 2 group randomized trial	Trend toward higher rate of screening in intervention group than in comparison group (N.S.)	Yes
Larkey (2006) [59]	AZ	Latina women; ≥ 18 years old (N=457)	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs led 6 bimonthly church- and home- based small-group educational sessions	Single group with pre-test and immediate post- test	39% of participants who had previously not adhered to screening recommendations had received screening by post-test	Yes
Larkey et al. (2009) [73]; Larkey et al. (2012) [74]	AZ	Latina women due for cancer screening; ≥ 18 years old (N=1006 randomized; N=509 evaluable)	N.D.	CBPR; intervention model from Larkey (2006) [59]	LHAs led 7 weekly social support group or one-on-one educational sessions	Experimental 2- group cluster- randomized trial comparing social support group and one-on-one interventions with pre-test, 3-month follow-up, and 15- month follow-up	Trend toward higher screening rates in one-on- one intervention (N.S.)	Yes
Lopez & Castro (2006); [60] Castro et al. (1995) [61]	AZ	Hispanic female church members; ≥ 18 years old (N=447)	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs led church-based small group educational sessions and helped facilitate screening	Experimental 2- group randomized trial with pre-test and 12-month follow-up	N.S.	Yes
Luque et al. (2011) [75]; Watson- Johnson et al. (2012) [76]	GA	Hispanic farmworker women (N=7 LHAs)	Popular Education; SCT	N.D.	LHAs were trained using 2-session curriculum	N.D.	N.D.	No
Meade et al. (2002) [62]	FL	Hispanic farmworker women; ≥ 18 years old (N=65)	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs led one-time small-group educational sessions and helped schedule screenings	Single group with pre-test, immediate post- test and 6-week follow-up	50% of participants eligible for screening had received screening by 6- week follow-up	Yes
Moore- Monroy et al. (2013) [94]	AZ	Predominantly Latina women; ≥ 18 years old (Study 1: N=174; Study 2: N=837, 96.8% Hispanic or Latina)	N.D.	CBPA	LHAs led one-time one- on-one and small- group educational sessions	N.D.	N.D.	No
Morgan & Levin (1995) [90]	NY	Female home health care attendants (N=1411; 61.8% Hispanic)	N.D.	N.D.	One-time in-service training program	N.D.	N.D.	No
Navarro et al. (1998) [63]	CA	Latina women (N=512)	SLT	N.D.	LHAs led 12 weekly small-group educational sessions	Experimental 2- group cluster- randomized trial with pre-test, immediate post- test, 12-month follow-up, and 24- month follow-up	Trend toward higher rate of screening in intervention group than in comparison group (N.S.)	Yes
Navarro et al. (2007) [64]; Navarro et al. (2007) [65]	CA	Latina women (N=311 primary participants and N=269 "learning partners")	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs led 12 weekly and 2 monthly small- group educational sessions and participants shared information with up to 2 additional "learning partners"	Single group with pre-test and 6- month follow-up	↑ screening among primary participants (p<0.01) and “learning partners” (p<0.05) (statistically significant)	Yes
Nuño et al. (2011) [77]; Nuño et al. (2011) [78]	AZ	Hispanic women; ≥ 50 years old (N=381)	SCT	Intervention model from Lopez & Castro (2006) [60] and Castro et al. (1995) [61]	LHAs led one-time small-group educational sessions with optional booster course after 1 year	Experimental 2- group randomized trial	↑ screening within past two years (p=0.007)	Yes
O'Brien et al. (2010) [66]	PA	Hispanic women; 18–65 years old (N=120)	HBM	CBPR	LHAs led 2 small- group educational sessions	Experimental 2- group delayed intervention randomized trial with pre-test and 6-month follow-up	↑ screening (p=0.004)	No
Ramirez et al. (1999) [67]	TX	Hispanic women (N=212)	N.D.	N.D.	LHAs served as role models in mass media campaign messages and distributed intervention materials	Quasi- experimental with intervention and comparison communities with as pre-test and 24- month follow-up	↑ screening adherence (p<0.018)	No
Saad- Harfouche et al. (2011) [58]; Sudarsan et al. (2011) [80]; Jandorf et al. (2012) [81]; Jandorf et al. (2008) [57]	AR; NY	Latina women (87%) and men (13%); >18 years old; predominantly Spanish-speaking (N=1,233); primary analysis only included data from women	SCT	CBPR; PEN-3 Model; adaptation of intervention promoting BC screening among African- American women [112]	LHAs, including cancer survivors, led one-time small-group educational session and helped navigate screening	Experimental 2- group cluster- randomized trial with pre-test, immediate post- test, 2-month follow-up, and 8- month follow-up	↑ screening (p=0.08) at 2 month follow-up within smaller sub-study of women	Yes
Scarinci et al (2012) [79]	AL	Latina immigrant women (N=543)	HBM	PEN-3, IM	LHAs led 6 small- group and 2 one-on- one educational sessions	Experimental 2- group cluster- randomized trial with pre-test, immediate post- test, 12-month follow-up, and 24- month follow-up	Outcome data not available	No
Sheridan- Leos (1995) [68]	TX	Hispanic women (N=100)	Adult Education Theory	N.D.	Interactive game played in small groups with an instructor	Qualitative post- test with sample of participants	N.D.	No
Suarez et al. (1993) [92]; Suarez et al. (1993) [91]	TX	Mexican- American and black women; 40– 70 years old (N=189; 56.6% Mexican American)	SLT	N.D.	LHAs served as role models in campaign messages and distributed intervention materials	Pre-test and post- test at beginning and end of 2.5- year intervention period with random sample of participants	N.S.	Yes
Suarez et al. (1997) [83]	TX	Mexican- American women; ≥ 40 years old (2 independent samples of 923 each for pre-test and post-test)	SCT	Intervention model from Fernández- Esquer et al. (2003) [51], Ramirez et al. (1995) [52], and McAlister et al. (1995) [53]	LHAs served as role models in campaign messages and distributed intervention materials	Quasi- experimental with intervention and comparison communities and with pre-test and 3-year follow-up	N.S.	Yes
Warren et al. (2006) [69]	VA	Latina women; ≥ 40 years old (N=928)	N.D.	N.D.	One-time small-group education sessions and free screening services and educational programs offered one day per month	Tracking number of screenings provided over 6- month intervention period	928 screening visits completed (439 first-time participants)	Yes
White et al. (2012) [82]	AL	Foreign-born Latina immigrant women (N=782)	N.D.	CBPR; Empowerment Model; PEN-3 Model	LHAs organized one- time luncheons in churches facilitated by physicians and cancer survivors; participants were able to schedule low-cost and free screening appointments and follow-up care	Tracking of screenings	80% of participants scheduled a screening appointment; 65% of those who scheduled appointments attended the visit	Yes
Yancey et al. (1995) [93]	CA; NY	Predominantly African American and Latina female community health center patients (N=1744; 65.1% Latina)	N.D.	N.D.	Educational videos in clinic waiting rooms	Quasi- experimental 1- week-on-1-week- off design	↑ screening (p<0.05)	N.D.

Note. CBPA, community-based participatory action; CBPR, community-based participatory research; DOI, diffusion of innovations; HBM, health belief model; IM, intervention mapping; LHA, lay health advisor; N.D., not described; N.S., not significant; SCT, social cognitive theory; SIT, social influence theory; SLT, social learning theory; TRA, theory of reasoned action; TTM, transtheoretical model