TABLE II.

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of 2D iDEP, 2D OπDEP, and 3D πDEP chip designs.

DEP device	2D iDEP	3D πDEP
Advantages	—Insulating structure design flexibility	—High electric field gradients generated
	—Easy to mass produce	—3D flexibility in insulating structure design
		—No direct electrode contact with the sample
		—Low cost mass production of polymer substrate
		—Minimal heat buildup near insulating structures
		—Flexibility in electrode shape design
		—Large bandwidth
Disadvantages	—Large heat buildup near insulating structures	—High AC fields to capacitively couple through glass slide
	—Electrodes in contact with solution	—3D fabrication required
	—Requires large DC voltages to operate