Table 2.
Population characteristics of mothers and newborns of the CANDLE study (n = 1151). Values are number (%) or means (standard deviation).
| Characteristics | African American (n = 718) | European American (n = 401) | Other Race (n = 32) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Length, m | 1.64 (0.07) | 1.65 (0.07) | 1.64 (0.06) | 0.002 |
| Age, years | 25.13 (5.32) | 28.65 (4.78) | 30.00 (4.59) | <0.0001 |
| Total weight gain, kg | 14.78 (7.67) | 14.83 (6.48) | 13.41 (5.34) | 0.80 |
| Multivitamin, (% yes) | 656 (91.4) | 391 (97.5) | 31 (96.9) | 0.015 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 28.75 (8.07) | 25.69 (6.02) | 25.75 (5.58) | <0.0001 |
| Tobacco, (% yes) | 49 (6.8) | 49 (12.2) | 5 (15.6) | 0.004 |
| >1 pregnancy, (% yes) | 512 (71.3) | 254 (63.3) | 23 (71.9) | 0.021 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| <High school | 489 (69.4) | 123(30.7) | 12 (37.5) | |
| >High school | 219 (30.5) | 278 (69.3) | 20 (62.5) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| No insurance | 15 (2.1) | 4 (1.0) | 2 (6.3) | |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 511 (71.2) | 86 (21.4) | 9 (28.1) | |
| Private | 192 (26.7) | 311 (77.6) | 21 (65.6) | |
| Alcohol use (% yes) | 43 (6.0) | 59 (14.7) | 3 (9.4) | <0.0001 |
| Premature delivery (% yes) * | 68 (9.5) | 26 (6.5) | 2 (6.3) | 0.18 |
| Diet Pattern, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Healthy | 7 (1.0) | 121 (30.2) | 7 (21.9) | |
| Healthy-Southern | 74 (10.3) | 13 (3.2) | 11 (34.4) | |
| Southern | 109 (15.2) | 5 (1.2) | 2 (6.3) | |
| Mixed | 286 (39.8) | 143 (35.7) | 9 (28.1) | |
| Healthy-processed | 30 (4.2) | 98 (24.4) | 2(6.3) | |
| Processed-Southern | 131 (18.2) | 3 (0.7) | 1 (3.1) | |
| Processed | 81 (11.3) | 18 (4.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Newborn characteristics, mean (SD) | ||||
| Weight-for-Length Z-score | −0.60 (1.23) | −0.57 (1.19) | −0.63 (0.98) | 0.92 |
| Weight-for-Age Z-score | −0.12 (0.91) | 0.35 (0.92) | 0.32 (0.91) | <0.0001 |
| Length-for-Age Z-score | 0.35 (1.18) | 0.91 (1.23) | 0.87 (1.27) | <0.0001 |
| Head Circumference Z-score | −0.27 (1.22) | 0.33 (1.23) | 0.36 (1.22) | <0.0001 |
Significant differences across groups were tested using Chi-square or Kruskal Wallis. * Premature delivery defined as gestational age <37 weeks.