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. 2015 Feb 3;12(2):1773–1787. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120201773

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pollutant concentrations after normalization for fuel consumption or useful energy. (A) PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly reduced for the BioLite, Envirofit, Phillips, and Eco-Chulha stoves (p < 0.001) after normalization for fuel consumption. Normalized PM_2.5 concentration reduction for the Greenway stove was marginally significant (p = 0.056). (B) CO concentrations were significantly reduced for all ACSs after normalization for fuel consumption * p < 0.03. (C) PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly reduced for the BioLite, Phillips, and Eco-Chulha stoves after normalization for useful heat energy. (D) CO concentrations were significantly reduced for Greenway, BioLite, Philips, and Eco-Chulha ACSs after normalization for useful energy delivered.