Table 4.

The number of participants with LBP and PDs that reported the descriptors aching, stiffening, tightness, and cramping during standing.

Descriptor		Group			P-value*	w¶
		LBP (n = 15)	PDs (n = 15)	Total
Aching	Yes	14	10	24	0.17	0.34
	No	1	5	6
	Total	15	15	30
Stiffening	Yes	11	8	19	0.45	0.21
	No	4	7	11
	Total	15	15	30
Tightness	Yes	8	6	14	0.72	0.13
	No	7	9	16
	Total	15	15	30
Cramping	Yes	5	1	6	0.17	0.34
	No	10	14	24
	Total	15	15	30
Aching, Stiffening, Tightness, or Cramping#	Yes	15	15	30	1.0	0
	No	0	0	0
	Total	15	15	30

^*For each symptom descriptor, a Fisher’s exact test was calculated.

^¶Effect size (range 0–1).²¹

^#Numbers of participants that reported at least one of the 4 descriptors as “typical” and during standing.

LBP, low back pain; PDs, pain developers.