Table 1.
The Characteristics of Included Studies in This Systematic Review.
| Author, year | Methods | Participants total (T/C) | Mean (SD)/range age; subjects | Intervention | Frequency and duration of TCC intervention | Outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Control | ||||||
| Ding and Yang 2006 [23] | RCT | 60 (30/30) | mean 65/66 (T/C) years; Hyperlipidemia patients | TCC | Nonintervention | 50 minutes per time and 5 times a week for 20 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Liu and Zhang 2001 [24] | RCT | 86 (44/42) | mean age: 64.8 years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | above 60 minutes per time and twice a day for more than 48 weeks | BMI, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Ma and Dong 2011 [25] | RCT | 30 (15/15) | middle-aged and elderly adults Hyperlipidemia patients | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes every day for 24 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Mao et al. 2007 [26] | RCT | 80 (40/40) | mean 63 years; Healthy elderly women | TCC | Nonintervention | 45 to 60 minutes per time and 3 times a day for 48 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Sha 2007 [27] | RCT | 40 (20/20) | mean 64.5/63.4 (M/W) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 to 120 minutes per time and 5 to 7 times a week for 72 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Wang 2010 [28] | RCT | 85 (40/45) | Mean 56.46/56.34 (T/C) years; Healthy elderly women | TCC | Nonintervention | 30 minutes per time and 4 times a week for 18 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Wu et al. 2010 [29] | RCT | 40 (20/20) | mean 51.3/52.4 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | above 60 minutes per time and above 3 times a week for 24 weeks | SBP, DBP, FBG, FPI |
| Yan and Zhang 2006 [30] | RCT | 32 (16/16) | mean 50.5/50.8 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | above 30 minutes per time, once a day and 5 to 7 times a week for 48 weeks | TC, TG, FBG, PBG |
| Zhang and Fu 2008 [31] | RCT | 20 (10/10) | mean 57.4 ± 6.2 years; Type 2 diabetes patients | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes a day, and 5 times a week for 14 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG, FPI |
| Zhou 2007 [32] | RCT | 120 (60/60) | mean 52.3/53.4 (T/C) years; Type 1 EH patients | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes a day for 12 weeks | SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Han 2010 [33] | SC | 50 | mean 60.5/61.7 (M/W) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes per time and mean 4 times per week for 24 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Lei et al. 2001 [34] | SC | 39 | mean 61.87 years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 30 minutes per time and once or twice a day for 48 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Han 2012 [35] | NRCT | 25 (15/10) | mean 61.2/57.1 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes per time and 3 times a week for 12 weeks. | Weight, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG |
| Rosado-Pérez et al. 2013 [36] | NRCT | 25 (15/10) | mean 66.4/66.7 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes every day for 24 weeks | BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG |
| Li et al. 2007 [37] | NRCT | 32 (16/16) | mean 58 years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 45 minutes per time, 5 times a day at learning phase of 4 weeks and 60 minutes per time, 5 times a day at practice period of 20 weeks. | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Li et al. 2010 [38] | NRCT | 156 (79/77) | mean 67.44/69.40 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | above 30 minutes per time and above 3 times a day for more than 24 weeks | Weight, BMI, SBP, DBP |
| Liu and Jin 2010 [39] | NRCT | 20 (10/10) | range from 53 to 68 years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 60 minutes per time and 4 times per week for 8 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Liu and Zhang 2001 [40] | NRCT | 69 (36/33) | range from 60 to 71 years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | for 2 years | HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Meng 2010 [41] | NRCT | 36 (25/11) | mean 49.4/47.09 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | above 14 hours a week and mean time of exercise is 14.7 ± 8.6 months | LDL-C |
| Si 2006 [42] | NRCT | 60 (30/30) | mean 55.3/56.6 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 40 to 60 minutes per time and above 4 times a week for more than 2 years | BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG |
| Xu and Wen 1997 [43] | NRCT | 34 (18/16) | mean 66.7/64.6 (T/C) years; Healthy elders | TCC | Nonintervention | 30 minutes per time and twice a day for 4 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Yang and Fu 2010 [44] | NRCT | 60 (30/30) | range from 50 to 70 years; Healthy elderly men | TCC | Nonintervention | 90 minutes per time and more than 4 times per week for 48 weeks | Weight, SBP, DBP |
| Chen 2013 [45] | RCT | 60 (32/28) | mean 69.3/68.7 (T/C) years; CHD patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 60 minutes per time and 4 times a week for 12 weeks | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| Chen and Lv 2006 [46] | RCT | 40 (20/20) | mean 64.3/60 (T/C) years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 40 minutes every day for 9 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Chen and Lv 2013 [47] | RCT | 68 (50/18) | range from 30 to 82 years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | same conventional treatment | 30 minutes per time and 6 times a week for 12 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Han et al. 2010 [48] | RCT | 60 (30/30) | mean 62.12 years; EH patients | TCC plus routine treatment | The same routine treatment | 45 to 60 minutes per time and 1 to 2 times a week for 48 weeks | SBP, DBP, incidence of fatal, non-fatal stroke and cardiac failure |
| Li et al. 2006 [49] | RCT | 38 (20/18) | mean 66/67 (T/C) years; CHD patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 40 minutes per time, twice a day and above 6 times a week for 24 weeks | LDL-C |
| Lin 2012 [50] | RCT | 60 (30/30) | mean 60 years; Type 2 diabetes patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 90 minutes every day for 12 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Luo 2006 [51] | RCT | 84 (44/40) | mean 44.74/44.84 (T/C) years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 45 minutes per time and once a day for 24 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Mao and Sha 2006 [52] | RCT | 62 (51/11) | mean 62.2/63.3 (T/C) years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 60 minutes per time and 6 time a week for 8 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Tang 2009 [53] | RCT | 32 (16/16) | mean 63.65/62.79 (T/C) years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 30 to 60 minutes per time and 3 to 5 times a week for 24 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Wang et al. 2011 [54] | RCT | 60 (30/30) | range from 50 to 70 years; Type 2 and 3 EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 120 minutes per time and 5 times a week for 16 weeks | SBP, DBP |
| Xiao et al. 2011 [55] | RCT | 24 (12/12) | mean 55 ± 4.12 years; Type II diabetes patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 60 minutes per time, once a day and 6 times a week for 24 weeks | FBG |
| Yu 2004 [56] | RCT | 40 (20/20) | mean 50/49 (T/C) years; Type II diabetes and EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment | The same conventional treatment | 60 minutes per time and once a day for 12 weeks | FBG, FPI |
| Chen et al. 2011 [57] | RCT | 441 (238/203) | range from 35 to 75 years; EH patients | TCC plus conventional treatment plus health education | The same conventional treatment plus same health education | 60 minutes per time and 5 times a week for 2 years | SBP, DBP |
| Zeng et al. 2012 [58] | NRCT | 125 (63/62) | range from 45 to 70 years; Healthy elders | TCC plus health education | The same health education | 30 to 40 minutes per time, and no less than 3 times a week for 2 years | Weight, waistline, hip circumference, SBP, DBP, incidence of fatal, non-fatal stroke and CCD |
BMI: body mass index; CCD: cardia-cerebrovascular disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EH: essential hypertension; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FPI: fasting plasma insulin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; M/W: man/woman; NRCT: prospective nonrandomized controlled trial; PBG: postprandial two-hour blood glucose; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SC: self-controlled trial; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TCC: Tai Chi Chuan; T/C: treatment/control; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; WHR: waist-hip rate.